Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson © 2016 Cengage

Presentation Overview Defining DRIs Looking at nutrients with DRIs Understanding how DRIs are used

What are DRIs? Standards to guide safe & adequate intakes of essential nutrients for healthy humans. Sick individuals have different needs. The year 2001, 2002, 2004 revision values were designed to promote optimal function & health for healthy people. Are specific for groups of people based on: life stage, gender, conditions of pregnancy & lactation. Are adequate for moderately active people.

How are DRIs established? By scientific committee literature review. Nutrients are given an Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), or Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) value by life stage & gender. RDA: level to meet 97-98% of needs AI: average or mean intake level. EAR: average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the needs.

Other DRI Components Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamins & minerals. Highest intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for energy producing nutrients & essential fatty acids. % Calorie range. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Calories. DRI for physical activity.

DRIs Exist For: Water: Vitamins: Minerals: See appendix for values A, D, E, K, B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6, B12, folate, vitamin C biotin, pantothenic acid, choline Minerals: Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, I, Se Cu, Mn, Cr, Mo, F Na, K, Cl Water: Men ≥19 years: 3.7 L/day (approx. 15 cups) Women ≥ 19 years : 2.7 L/day (approx. 11 cups) DRIs Exist For: See appendix for values

DRI for Protein The adult DRI for protein is set at 0.8 gram/Kg. This level is for inactive persons. See appendix for gram/Kg need for infants, children, and adolescents. Although not DRIs: Active persons need more than the DRI, approximately 1.2 - 1.6 grams/Kg. Endurance athletes need more than the DRI, approximately 1.8-2.0 grams/Kg.

DRI for Calories Is calculated from formulas (See Appendix). Is set as an EAR and is the called the estimated energy requirement (EER). The EER is based on age, gender, and physical activity. The formulas require height in meters and weight in kilograms.

DRI for Carbohydrate, Fiber & Fat Carbohydrate: At least 130 gm/day for adults Fiber:  38 gm/d  25 gm/d, [adults] 1.4 gm/100 Calories consumed FAT: not determined for adults Essential Fatty Acids: Linoleic Acid: 17 12 [adults, gm/d ] Alpha-Linolenic Acid: 1.6  1.1 [adults, gm/d ]

DRI for Exercise There is a DRI for exercise! It is 60 minutes cumulative moderate exercise per day. That means moving body parts and sweating while you are doing it.

AMDRs

Na, K, Cl & Water See Appendix In 2004 the DRI was published for Water and the Electrolytes (Na, Cl, and K) Sodium (Na): 1.5 gm if 19-50 years Sodium Chloride (NaCl): 19-50 years 3.8 gm (3.8 gm NaCl – 1.5 gm Na = 2.3 gm/day of Cl) Potassium (K): 4.7 gm/day if >18 Water: 2.7 L/day if 3.7 L/day if See Appendix

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: ULs For vitamins with DRIs For minerals with DRIs For arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium

DRIs Do Not Exist For: Cholesterol Sulfur (sulfate) Cobalt Non-essential, nutritional supplements

DRIs Are used to achieve nutritional balance and health in the population. Are used in nutrition assessment, meal planning, health care, research, food industry, national defense, food programs, public policy, etc.

Some Summary Points DRIs are a collection of values to express a persons nutrient need based on their life stage & gender. The exact DRI value may be as an RDA, AI, EAR depending on scientific information available for each nutrient. DRIs are expressed as ULs and AMDRs. For Calories the DRI is called the EER. There is DRI recommendation for Physical activity. The DRIs are standards that have many important purposes and uses. References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 2 of the textbook