Views of Earth’s Past
Geologists divide Earth’s past into different time periods based on specific traits For the Time Scale, scientists Used clues preserved in the rock record Fossils are important evidence
Eons – Longest periods of time There are 3 Archean Oldest Rocks– begins with formation of Earth’s Crust Almost 4 Billion years ago Proterozoic Began 2.5 Billion Years Ago Contains earliest fossils, none of which are land based Phanerozoic Characterized by visible signs of life
Eons are divided into Eras Phanerozoic Eon has 3 Eras Paleozoic 543 million years ago Fossils of both land and plant organisms Mesozoic DINOSAURS! RAWR! Cenozoic 65 million years ago Continues today Ice ages, human fossils
The Earth has changed a lot Some dramatic, some not Ex. Over time, earth’s movement has changed so that our year is a few days shorter than an early paleozoic year Landmasses appeared, then vanished Global climate has warmed, then cooled, then warmed, then cooled… Early atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen
Showed up when photosynthetic organisms developed (like algae) Level of Oxygen in atmosphere increased gradually
Fossil evidence indicates early organisms were very simple Ex. Grand Canyon Top layers – land reptiles, ferns, insects Middle layers – marine fossils Lower layers – few shells, traces of worms Bottom layers- no fossils at all
Fossil records show disappearance of species and emergence of others Indicates a changing pattern of life forms
States that organisms that have favorable traits survive to pass them on to new offspring Many organisms’ fossil records show long periods of being unchanged Then, there appears to sometimes be a quick change (in a million years or less) Still a debate over gradual vs. abrupt evolution
Common way of referring to everything before the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era
Precambrian makes up the majority of earth’s past Approx. 4 billion years Rocks are hard to date Timeframe is HUGE Rocks are severely bent and folded Often lack fossils Craton is the oldest rock. An exposed area of this is called a shield.
Found in rock 3.5 billion years old Early organisms resemble bacteria (cyanobacteria) Stacked mats of bacteria and sediment form stromatolites Make up the greatest amount of precambrian fossils
1. Cambrian Period a. Evidence for first vertebrate life b. Only marine fossils are found c. Trilobites- most common
2. Ordovician Period a. Fossils similar to Cambrian b. Also all ocean animals c. Graptolite used as index fossil for this period
3. Silurian Period a. Appearance of land animals/plants b. Ocean fossils similar to previous time c. Seas over North America dry up d. Eurypterids were common
4. Devonian Period a. Age of fishes I. Giant, jawless and jawed fish b. First forests c. North America collides with a continental fragment, building parts of Appalachian Mountain Chain
5. Carboniferous Period a. Appearance of reptiles b. Insect numbers increased c. Major swamps in Northeast us I. These later became the coal deposits in Pennsylvania, West Virginia etc.
6. Permian Period a. Dry Climate b. A great ice age covered parts of South America, Australia, South Africa and India c. Lots of mountain ranges were built because of plate movement d. First mass extinction near end of period
Began 248 million years ago Divided into Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Mild Climate No Glacial Ice at Poles
MYA First Dinosaurs Many were small Some adapted to the sea
Ammonites Important Index Fossils Worldwide at the time Almost extinct at end of period
Triassic Plants Tree Ferns Spore-bearing ferns Conifers Conifers at Arizona’s Petrified Forest National Park
Land formations At this time, most land was connected in Pangaea At end of triassic, land began to split apart Laurasia –North America and Europe Gondwanaland – The remaining continents
mya Dinosaur types increased Larger dinosaurs were more common First true mammals (rodent-like) First metamorphic animals appear (butterflies etc.) Bird-like fossils
Jurassic Plants Ferns Declined Mosses, conifers abundant
Ocean formation South Atlantic Ocean began to open Indian and North Atlantic Oceans had formed by end of period Huge sea covered most of central and western North America
MYA Largest Dinosaurs T-Rex Brontosaurus
Cretaceous Plants Conifers Appearance of flowering plants Deciduous trees Sequoia
Cretaceous Geology South Atlantic becomes major Ocean Australia and Antarctica still joined, as were North America and Eurasia
50% of species perished Climate Change? Rise of Mammals? Drop in Sea level? Volcanic Eruptions? Asteroid Impact? Dinosaur Extinction
Cenozoic Era began 65 MYA Divided into 3 periods Paleogene – 41 million yrs. Neogene – 22 million yrs. Quaternary – 2 MYA to NOW!
Cenozoic Climate Early- warm and humid Later – ice ages Life Rise of mammals Rise of modern plants Geology Continents move to current locations
Almost all major mountain ranges today developed during these periods Himalayas, Appalachians, Rockies, Sierra Nevadas, Andes, Alps
Eastern and western coastal plains of U.S. – underwater Western U.S. Volcanically Active Yellowstone area covered in lava and ash several times
Mostly mild Favored Tropical Plant Growth Many trees grew in Greenland and Northern Canada
Temperatures dropped Tropical plants were driven further south Hardy Grasses Survived
Increased in number and frequency Many smaller versions of what exist today lived Small horses Camel Elephant
2 MYA until now Many periods of glacial advance and thawing First epoch, Pleistocene, Called ‘great ice age’
Temps warmed up Tropical plants died off everywhere but around equator
Hominid – general term for modern human or ancestor Oldest remains, 4.5 million years old Most recent 400,000 – 300,000 yrs old called Homo sapiens Neanderthals, Cro- Magnon Fossil record is difficult to trace because we’ve only been here 2-4 million years.