1. READING THE ROCK RECORD

2. relative time: events are in sequence, but no actual dates absolute time: identifies actual date of event

3. Most geologic work is done using relative time!

4. Determining Relative Age of Rocks law of superposition: oldest rock layers are on the bottom and youngest rock layers are on top IF the layers have not been disturbed.

6. law of crosscutting: any geologic feature is younger than anything else it cuts across

8. unconformity: layers of rock that are missing; a gap in the rock record - most often caused by erosion

12. Determining Absolute Age of Rocks radioactive decay: over time, radioactive elements release a proton(s) to make a new, lighter, more stable element.

13. Example: U 235  Pb 207

14. Radioactive elements decay at CONSTANT rates half-life: the time it takes for ½ of the atoms of a radioactive element to decay

15. ParentDaughterHalf-Life U – 235Pb – 207 713 million years

16. C-14 dating: used only to date things that were once alive - half-life is only 5800 years - can date more recent remains (up to about 50,000 years)

17. What is a fossil? fossil: the remains or traces of organisms that lived long ago

18. Formation of a dinosaur fossil: Fossils can form in various ways. Typically, the body material is replaced by minerals.

19. Mold & Cast Formation Process 1.Organism becomes encased in sediment that is compressing to form a rock. 2.Water gradually dissolves organism.

20. 3.This leaves a hole in the rock shaped like the organism – a mold 4.Water carries minerals that recrystallize in the mold making a cast

21. Replacement of Minerals: 1.Water partially or completely dissolves an organism, depositing minerals (like quartz) in its place. 2.Minerals are actually harder than the original bone.

22. trace fossil: evidence of life other than the remains of plants or animals ex. footprints, tracks, burrows

23. index fossil: fossils that are found over a wide geographic area but lived over a narrow range of time - help to identify the relative age of the rock in which they occur

24. The Geologic Timetable era: a long time segment defined by dominant life forms Eras are broken down into segments called periods.

25. period: a subdivision of an era epoch: a subdivision of a period

26. The Earth is 4.6 billion years old How do we know? –Oldest “Earth” rocks found are about 3.5 billion years old –Moon rocks (no plate tectonics/no recycling of rock) taken during the lunar landing have been dated at 4.53 billion years old –Meteorites (remnants of our early solar system) have been dated at 4.6 billion years

27. PRECAMBRIAN TIME From beginning (4.6 billion years ago) to 545 million years ago (mya) Makes up 90% of Earth’s history

28. many rocks eroded significantly main life form was cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)

29. cyanobacteria added large amounts of oxygen (through photosynthesis) to the atmosphere... made it possible for other life (plants and animals) to evolve

30. PALEOZOIC ERA “The Age of Invertebrates” From 545 mya to 245 mya (about 300 million years ago)

31. 1.Cambrian 2.Ordovician 3.Silurian 4.Devonian – Age of Fishes 5.Carboniferous – Age of Amphibians 6.Permian – largest mass of extinction of recorded life Divided into 6 periods

32. In the US, the carboniferous period is divided into the –Upper Carboniferous or Pennsylvanian –Lower Carboniferous or Mississippian

33. warm, shallow seas Pennsylvania was underwater North America was at the equator

34. Marine life forms: trilobites - relative of horseshoe crab brachiopods - look like clams crinoids - relative of starfish

35. trilobite brachiopod crinoid

36. “Firsts”: land plants, fish, amphibians, reptiles and insects Appalachians form much of the limestone and coal in PA formed during the Paleozoic Era

37. THE MESOZOIC ERA (“Age of Reptiles”) From 245 mya to 66 mya “Firsts”: mammals, birds and angiosperms (flowering plants)

38. Dinosaurs evolve and later become extinct Pangaea breaks up Rocky Mountains form

39. Divided into three periods: - Triassic  Small Reptiles -Jurassic  Age of the Dinosaurs - Cretaceous  Dinosaurs become extinct

40. The extinction of dinosaurs marks the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of…

41. CENOZOIC ERA “Age of Mammals” From 66 mya to present Most complete geologic record Mammals and flowering plants abundant

42. Alps and Himalayas form Grand Canyon Forms Homo sapiens (humans) evolve (100,000 yrs ago)

43. Divided into 2 periods and each period is further divided into epochs We are living in the Recent Epoch of the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era