1) What is meant by the term biodiversity? - The variety of living things. 2) Other than introduction of an “alien invader” state 3 other threats to biodiversity – hunting by humans, a new disease, a new predator, lack of food, destruction of habitat… 3) Name 3 invasive species mentioned in the text. The ruddy duck, harlequin lady bird, Asian tiger mosquito, Japanese knotweed 4) If 600 alien invasive species were identified in Europe 30 years ago, and the number has increased by 75% since then, how many alien invasive species are there now? ) Suggest how the Harlequin ladybird is threatening biodiversity in Europe. It is bigger and more aggressive therefore it might outcompete the native ladybirds for food and space on the plants where they find their food. 6) Make a conclusion based on the data shown in the map diagrams. In the 2 years between 2004 and 2006, the reported sightings of harlequin ladybirds has increased AND they appear to have spread from the south east of the UK to west and northern parts. 7) Suggest how the data in the map diagrams may have been collected. The public might have been asked to look in their garden and then send in their data (on a particular day or week of the year). Scientists might have travelled the country counting lady birds.

8) Make a comment about how reliable you think the data in the diagram might be. You don’t know what each square represents. It could be difficult to tell the difference between a harlequin ladybird and other species of ladybird. You don’t know how many people or scientists were involved in counting. You don’t know if it was done on the same day of the year. That might have been some other factor affecting the number e.g. a warmer year. They should have counted over more years. 9) Name another disease for which a mosquito is a vector. Malaria 10) Explain why most people in the UK would not be immune to the virus carried by the Asian tiger mosquito. To be immune to something you either need to have been vaccinated against it or had it before. Because the Asian tiger mosquito/virus is not normally found in this country there would be no need to vaccinate people and people are unlikely to have caught it before. 11) Viruses are pathogens. Name two other types of micro-organisms that can cause disease. Fungi, protozoa and bacteria. 12) Scientists think that increased international travel might be causing the spread of the Asian tiger mosquito. Suggest how climate change might also contribute to the spread of the mosquito. The Asian tiger mosquito is adapted to living in warmer countries and would die in colder climates. Climate change will make some countries warmer than in the past so the mosquito can live in more places.

13) Below is a food chain including a ladybird species. oak leaf → greenfly → ladybird → robin → sparrowhawk a) Which organism can be described as an autotroph? Oak tree b) Which organisms can be described as carnivores? Lady bird, robin, sparrowhawk c) Which is the secondary consumer? Ladybird d) Sketch a pyramid of numbers for the food chain above. e) Energy is lost at each stage of the food chain. State 2 ways energy is lost. Heat (due to respiration) Urine and faeces / waste Not all of the food being eaten e.g. bones and hair

14.Explain the term ‘biological control’. Using a natural predator to control/kill pests 15. Ladybirds have been used as a method of biological control by farmers. Why do some farmers prefer to use this method as opposed to pesticides? Pesticides can harm or kill animals at the top of food chains / bioaccumulation Some people think pesticides residues on their foods are harmful / prefer organic Production of pesticides requires lots of fuel / produces lots of CO2 Might be cheaper 16. Japanese knotweed is difficult to eradicate because it can spread underground by putting out rhizomes (shown in the diagram). This is a form of cloning. Explain what is meant by the term ‘clone’. An organism that is genetically identical to another. 17. Discuss possible risks and benefits of releasing an insect from Japan to try and reduce the spread of Japanese Knotweed. RISKS The insect might also feed on other native plants, causing them to become endangered. The insect might be a vector for a disease The insect might outcompete a native insect There be some unforeseen harmful consequence that is impossible to reverse / rectify. You would never be able to catch all the insects again if something went wrong. The insects might interbreed with a native species BENEFITS Without the Japanese Knotweed the native plants would survive better

18.Japanese Knotweed has large leaves. Explain fully how this characteristic enables it to replace native plant species. Large leaves = large surface area for absorbing light. Light energy needed for photosynthesis. Plants make their food by photosynthesis. The food is needed for respiration (energy for growth etc) and to make other chemicals for storage (starch) and growth (fats and proteins). Therefore, Japanese knotweed can grow quicker than the other plants nearby / it outcompetes the other plants The other plants get less light The other plants can’t photosynthesise as quickly They will eventually die.