Invertebrates 6 Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Echinodermata: Spiny-skinned
Evolutionary relationships and HOX genes
Echinodermata: 4 key features Calcareous internal skeleton Parts: Plates, spines and pedicellariae Why considered “internal”? Water vascular system (controls tube feet) Derived from coelom Layout Tube foot control Other functions Symmetry Bilateral symmetry (larvae) Pentamerous radial symmetry (adults) Mutable connective tissue
Body plan: Other aspects Perivisceral coelom Houses organs Gas exchange Hydrostatic skeleton Digestive system Can be highly branched Complete (generally…) Nervous system No brain Branches parallel water vascular system Sensory (sea stars) Eye spots Receptors associated with tube feet No circulatory system No excretory system
Class Asteroidea: sea stars Feeding Respiration Protection
Class Echinoidea: Sea urchins and others Feeding Respiration Protection
Class Holothuroidea: Sea cucumbers
Class Ophioroidea: Brittle stars, basket stars Feeding Respiration Protection
Class Crinoidea Sea lilies
Chordates! Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata (focus)
Evolutionary relationships and HOX genes
Phylum Chordata: 4 key features* *Each appears in a least one life stage
1) Notochord: Longitudinal flexible rod made of fluid-filled cells in fibrous tissue Dorsal Underlies nerve cord Replaced by jointed vertebral column in the vertebrates 2) Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord: Derived from ectoderm Develops into central nervous system (brain/spinal cord) 3) Pharyngeal Gill Slits: Slits in pharynx allowing for water efflux Multiple functions in vertebrates (e.g. feeding in tunicates, gills in fish) 4) Muscular, Post-anal Tail: Skeletal elements / muscle for mobility Phylum Chordata: 4 key features* *Each appears in a least one life stage
Subphylum Urochordata: the tunicates Invertebrates (notochord but no vertebral column) Larva has all five chordate features Adults retain only the pharyngeal slits Expanded pharynx works similarly to the ctenidium of a mussel…
Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelets Invertebrates (notochord but no vertebral column) Larva has all five chordate features Adults retain all chordate features Neoteny (paedogenesis) of a urochordate-like larva? Muscles develop from somites: Blocks of mesoderm (segmented) Feed similarly to the Urochordata