Martin2011 CELLS Building Blocks of Life

Martin2011 Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells Very simple Few internal structures DNA is NOT enclosed in a nucleus NO membrane-bound organelles

Martin2011 Examples of Prokaryotic Cells Photos: Daniel Kunkel

Martin2011 Eukaryotic Cells Very complex Many internal structures DNA is enclosed in a nucleus Many membrane- bound organelles like mitochondria and Golgi bodies

Martin2011 Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

Martin2011 Cell Membrane Cell membrane: The protective layer around all cells. The cell membrane controls what goes in and what goes out of cells. The Fence

Martin2011 Cell Wall Cell Wall: Tough, rigid outer covering found in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Cell walls protect and support. The Brick Wall

Martin2011 Cytoplasm Cytoplasm: The gel-like material inside cells. This is where many of the chemical reactions take place The Filler

Martin2011 The Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton: Helps the cell maintain OR change its shape. Some organisms move by stretching and contracting the cytoskeleton. The Bones

Martin2011 The Nucleus Nucleus: Directs all the activities of the cell. The DNA in the nucleus contains the instructions for everything the cell does. The nucleus is surrounded by its own membrane. The Brain

Martin2011 The Mitochondria Mitochondria: Break down food (sugars) into carbon dioxide and water. This reaction releases the stored energy in the food, The Furnace The Powerhouse

Martin2011 Mitochondria at Work

Martin2011 The Chloroplasts Chloroplasts: Use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars (food). Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. The Sugar Factory

Martin2011 Chloroplasts at Work

Martin2011 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum: One long membrane that connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. It has many folds. Proteins and other chemicals move along this membrane. The Highway System

Martin2011 The ER at Work

Martin2011 The Ribosomes Ribosomes: Made in the nucleolus, these organelles move out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm. They have no membranes that surround them. They make proteins. The Protein Factory

Martin2011 The Golgi Bodies Golgi Bodies: These organelles sort, fold, package, and deliver proteins and other chemicals to areas inside and outside the cell. The UPS Store: Sort, Pack, and Deliver

Martin2011 Golgi Bodies at Work

Martin2011 The Lysosomes Lysosomes: These contain digestive chemicals (enzymes) that break down food particles, waste products, and damaged cell parts for recycling. These are much more important in animal cells. The Recycling Center files/cells.htm files/cells.htm

Martin2011 The Vacuoles Vacuoles: These temporarily store water, food, and waste materials. These are very large and very important in plant cells. They also provide support. The Closet

Martin2011 References

Martin2011 Gallery of Cells