IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) risk of extinction The IUCN Red List assessment estimates risk of extinction What is the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends, range, and recent, current or projected threats?

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Categories Not Evaluated (NE) Near Threatened (NT) Data Deficient (DD) Endangered (EN) Critically Endangered (CR) Vulnerable (VU) Extinct in the Wild (EW)Extinct (EX) Least Concern (LC)

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A Population reduction B Restricted geographic range C Small population size & decline Very small or restricted population D E Quantitative analysis CRITERIA Quantitative thresholds THREATENED CATEGORIES Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Nature of the Criteria

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. Dodo, Raphus cucullatus Extinct (EX)Extinct in the Wild (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. Franklinia, Franklinia alatamaha Photo © Craig Hilton-Taylor

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A taxon is threatened when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for the thresholds stated in one of the three threatened categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Critically Endangered (CR) CR taxa are considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild Mandrinette, Hibiscus fragilis Photo © Wendy Strahm Endangered (EN) EN taxa are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild Black-browed Albatross, Thalassarche melanophrys Photo © Tony Palliser Vulnerable (VU) VU taxa are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild Golden Pagoda, Mimetes chrysanthus Photo © Craig Hilton- Taylor

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Near Threatened (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN or VU now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Macaronesian Laurel, Laurus azorica Photo © H. Fraga Least Concern (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN, VU or NT. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Olive Baboon, Papio anumbis Photo © Caroline Pollock

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Data Deficient (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. Tree Tomato Solanum [Cyphomandra] betacea Not Evaluated (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Although DD and NE are not threatened categories, taxa classed as DD or NE should NOT be treated as not threatened Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Types of data required for IUCN Red List assessments

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Dealing with a lack of high quality data The threatened categories use quantitative thresholds BUT a lack of high quality data should not deter assessors from applying the IUCN criteria.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Acceptable types of data quality Observed Projected Estimated Inferred Suspected

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Observed Observed information is directly based on well-documented observations of all known individuals in the population. Estimated (scientific, standard, repeatable method – scientific survey, estimated what’s happening in overall pop based on estimate from smaller subset of the population) Estimated information is based on calculations that may involve assumptions. (scientific, standard, repeatable method – scientific survey, estimated what’s happening in overall pop based on estimate from smaller subset of the population) Projected Projected information is the same as “estimated”, but the variable of interest is extrapolated in time towards the future

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Inferred Inferred information is based on variables that are indirectly related to the variable of interest, but in the same general type of units (e.g. number of individuals or area or number of subpopulations). Suspected Suspected information is based on circumstantial evidence, or on variables in different types of units. In general, this can be based on any factor related to population abundance or distribution.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Concepts and definitions underlying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Key terms used in the IUCN Red List criteria Population and Population Size Subpopulations Mature Individuals Generation Length Reduction Continuing Decline

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) across its global range. Population is the total number of individuals of a given taxon across its global range. Population size is measured as the number of mature individuals only. Population and Population Size Subpopulations Subpopulations are geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic exchange (e.g., 1 successful migrant individual or gamete per year). Mature Individuals Mature Individuals are individuals that are known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Population Size (mature individuals only) Subpopulations Population

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Generation Length Generation Length is the average age of parents of the current cohort (i.e., newborn individuals in the population). Greater than the age at first breeding and less than the oldest breeding individual, except in taxa that breed only once. Reflects turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. Scales all time-based measurements in the criteria to account for different rates at which taxa survive and reproduce. Where generation length varies under threat, use the more natural (i.e. pre-disturbance) generation length.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Reduction Reduction is a decline in population size of at least the % stated in criterion A over the specified time period. Time Population Size Continuing Decline Continuing Decline is a recent, current or projected future decline which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence is the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all known, inferred, or projected sites presently occupied by the taxon. Area of Occupancy is the area within the extent of occurrence which is actually occupied by the taxon (measured by overlaying a grid and counting number of occupied cells). Extent of Occurrence Area of Occupancy

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location Location is a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 2 locations Invasive species

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 4 locations Pollution