The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions Chapter 16

Somatic Vs Autonomic

Sympathetic Vs Parasympathetic SympatheticParasympathetic Thoracolumbar Short preganglionic fibers Long postganglionic fibers Fight or Flight Cranial-sacral Long preganglionic Short postganglionic Rest and Digest Enteric Nervous System: visceral reflexes, walls of digestive organs

Sympathetic Vs Parasympathetic

Sympathetic Ganglia located in three locations o Sympathetic Chain Ganglia o Collateral Ganglia o Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic Activation Long Lasting and work systemically Alters peripheral and central nervous system Utilizes epinephrine and norepinephrine Receptors: o Alpha 1 -Excitatory through the release of Ca 2+, Closes digestive, urinary and blood vessel sphincters o Alpha 2 -Inhibitory through lowering of cAMP levels, Activates or inactivates enzymes, Inhibits parasympathetic effects o Beta 1 -Increases heart rate and force of contraction and metabolic activity of skeletal muscles o Beta 2 -Decreases respiration rate and causes dilation of respiratory tract o Beta 3 –increases lipolysis of adipose tissue

Parasympathetic Preganglionic neurons associated with Cranial nerves o Oculomotor (eye movement) o Facial (taste and facial expression) o Glossopharyngeal (taste, blood pressure and blood content) o Vagus (visceral organs) Postganglionic neurons short and lie close to target organ

Parasympathetic Activation Short lived and localized Receptors o Nicotinic –excitatory, release Ach, increases postsynaptic memebrane permeability to Na+ o Muscarinic –excitatory or inhibitory, G Protein Coupled Receptors

ANS Interaction Autonomic Tone Cooperation through antagonism Table 16.3 Visceral reflexes Higher Levels of Control

Memory Fact based memory Skill based memory Short term memory Long term memory Memory consolidation Cellular mechanisms

Sleep Non-REM sleep (deep sleep) REM sleep –most dreaming occurs