1. Peripheral Nervous System

2. Cranial Nerves Olfactory: Smell Optic: Eyes Oculomotor: Eye movement (4 of 6 muscles/pupil control Trochlear: Eye movement (1 of 6 muscles) Trigmineal: opthalamic, maxillary, mandibular branch. Sensory info from head/face and motor control for chewing Abducens: eye movement (1 of 6 muscles), abducts eyeball Facial: sensory and motor function of face Vestibulocochlear: balance and hearing Glossopharyngeal: tongue and pharynx Vagus: ear canal, diaphragm, taste receptors, visceral receptors (GI) Accessory: neck and back Hypoglossal: voluntary control of tongue

3. Reflexes Reflex arc: the path that a reflex signal takes 5 steps: Stimulus Activation (sensory neurons) Processing Activation (motor neurons) Response Stretch reflex Knee jerk

4. Reflexes Withdrawl Reflex Flexor reflex: grab a hot pan to test Babinski sign: Positive Babinski Reflex: fanning of toes Plantar Reflex: Negative Babinski Reflex: curling of toes

5. Sensory Pathways Posterior Column Pathway: Highly localized touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception Spinothalamic Pathway: Poorly localized touch, pressure, pain, temp. Spinocerebellar Pathway: Proprioceptive info

6. Motor Pathways Cortiocpinal pathways Skeletal muscles Medial and lateral pathways Subconscious control of muscle tone, reflexive responses

7. ANS Preganglionic Neurons: ANS motor neurons in CNS, send preganglionic fibers outside of CNS Throacic and lumbar spinal segments synapse w/ ganglia near spinal cord, make up Symp NS Ganglionic Neurons: ANS motor neurons in PNS, innervate cardiacm uscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue Brain and sacral spinal segments synapse on neurons on terminal ganglia located near the target organ (visceral tissue), parasympathetic nervous system

9. Patterns of ANS All preganglionic autonomic fibers are cholinergic Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic, but can be excitatory or inhibitory Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine (adrenergic)

10. Sympathetic Nervous System Preganglionic neurons located b/w T1 and L2 of spinal cord Ganglionic neurons located in ganglia near the vertebral column Adrenal medullae

11. Sympathetic Chain Preganglionic fibers that join together Leads to widespread affects on the body One organ affected, all become affected

12. Functions of Sympathetic NS Fight or Flight Increased alertness Preparation for intense physical activity Sweat glands activated Arrector pili stimulated Reduced circulation to skin Increased blood to skeletal muscle Release lipids from adipose Dialate pupils

14. Parasympathetic NS Preganglionic neurons in brain stem and sacral region of spinal cord Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia within or adjacent to the target organs

15. Organization of Parasymp. NS Vagus nerve (10) provides ~75% of all outflow and innervation of organs Preganglionic fibers from brain travel in cranial nerve 3, 7, 9, and 10

17. Functions of Parasymp. NS Rest and Digest Constrict pupils, increase secretions of GI glands, increase peristalsis, defecation/urination, constriction of bronchioles, reduce HR/BP

18. Activity Draw a picture of the brain and spinal cord. Show how the sympathetic nervous system has a widespread response and the parasympathetic nervous system has a targeted response Give the response to each of the following organs for sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation: Heart, Eye, Lungs, Bladder, Intestines