Chapter 20 The Muslim Empires OttomanSafavidMughal

Similarities New flowering of Islamic civilization New flowering of Islamic civilization Turkic nomadic origins Turkic nomadic origins Religious fervor and zeal Religious fervor and zeal Based on military conquest Based on military conquest Succession of absolute monarchs Succession of absolute monarchs

Differences Mughals: Muslims ruling non-Muslims Mughals: Muslims ruling non-Muslims Safavids: Muslims ruling Muslims Safavids: Muslims ruling Muslims Ottomans: Muslims ruling 1)Christians 2)Muslims Ottomans: Muslims ruling 1)Christians 2)Muslims Sunni (Ottoman/Mughal) Sunni (Ottoman/Mughal) Shi’ite (Safavid) Shi’ite (Safavid)

Ottomans Ottomans (after Osman) Ottomans (after Osman) Mehmed the Conqueror Mehmed the Conqueror Take Constantinople in 1453 Take Constantinople in 1453 Rebuild city (Hagia Sophia) Rebuild city (Hagia Sophia) Siege of Vienna (1683) Siege of Vienna (1683) Remain an empire until WWI Remain an empire until WWI

Based on warfare Economy based on warfare and expansion Economy based on warfare and expansion Develop warrior aristocracy Develop warrior aristocracy Janissaries Janissaries Janissaries become powerful force in politics Janissaries become powerful force in politics Sultans and viziers Sultans and viziers No clear lines of succession No clear lines of succession

Rebuilding Constantinople: new mosques, schools, hospitals, aqueducts, etc. Constantinople: new mosques, schools, hospitals, aqueducts, etc. Gardens, coffeehouses Gardens, coffeehouses Large merchant and artisan class Large merchant and artisan class Organized guilds Organized guilds Originally used Persian and Arabic Originally used Persian and Arabic Switch to Turkish Switch to Turkish

Ottoman decline Lasted more than 600 years!! Lasted more than 600 years!! At height, was actually too large to be maintained At height, was actually too large to be maintained Expansion/growth slow Expansion/growth slow Corruption increases Corruption increases Social/economic problems (rebellions) Social/economic problems (rebellions) Rulers weaken (future ones were isolated) Rulers weaken (future ones were isolated) Internal problems at same time as external challenges Internal problems at same time as external challenges Fall behind West and lose control of trade routes (Lepanto 1571) Fall behind West and lose control of trade routes (Lepanto 1571)

Safavids ( Shi’ite ) IRAN IRAN Dynasty started by Sufi family Dynasty started by Sufi family Conquer and spread Conquer and spread Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Muskets/cannons used by Ottomans Muskets/cannons used by Ottomans Safavids defeated Safavids defeated Halts spread of Shi’i Halts spread of Shi’i Today is Iran, some areas of southern Iraq Today is Iran, some areas of southern Iraq

In Depth Gunpowder empires Gunpowder empires Potential of new weapons Potential of new weapons Produce elaborate, expensive defense systems Produce elaborate, expensive defense systems China and Japan make limitations China and Japan make limitations Military tech. was better than economics so leads to internal problems Military tech. was better than economics so leads to internal problems Eventually surpassed by western Europeans Eventually surpassed by western Europeans

Safavids cont. Turkic chiefs become warrior nobility Turkic chiefs become warrior nobility Power struggle between Turks and Persians for control of bureaucracy Power struggle between Turks and Persians for control of bureaucracy Slave regiments (like Janissaries) Slave regiments (like Janissaries) European advisors for military European advisors for military Persian replaces Turkish as language of the court Persian replaces Turkish as language of the court State directed religion State directed religion Abbas I built great mosques Abbas I built great mosques

Social issues Originally dominated by warrior aristocracy (O/S) Originally dominated by warrior aristocracy (O/S) Encouraged handicraft production and trade (O/S) Encouraged handicraft production and trade (O/S) Women-legal and social disadvantages Women-legal and social disadvantages Subordinate to fathers and husbands Subordinate to fathers and husbands Recent evidence suggests some exceptions Recent evidence suggests some exceptions Brightly colored robes Brightly colored robes Did not cover faces Did not cover faces Behind the scenes influence at the court Behind the scenes influence at the court Active in trade and moneylending Active in trade and moneylending

Decline of Safavids Rapid decline Rapid decline Abbas I killed/blinded any possible successors Abbas I killed/blinded any possible successors Internal problems (rebellions) Internal problems (rebellions) External problems External problems Nomadic raiders Nomadic raiders Ottoman/Mughal armies Ottoman/Mughal armies Isfahan falls in 1722 to Afghani tribes Isfahan falls in 1722 to Afghani tribes

Mughals Founded by Babur (Mongol + Turk) Founded by Babur (Mongol + Turk) Eventually conquers large part of India Eventually conquers large part of India Dynasty will last 300+ years Dynasty will last 300+ years Son Humayan loses then regains empire Son Humayan loses then regains empire Grandson Akbar (the Great) Grandson Akbar (the Great) Contemporary of other great leaders Contemporary of other great leaders Attempts to unite India Attempts to unite India

Akbar Military commander, good administrator Military commander, good administrator Patronized arts, social reformer Patronized arts, social reformer Invents new religion Invents new religion Promotes reconciliation/cooperation between Hindus and Muslims (tolerance) Promotes reconciliation/cooperation between Hindus and Muslims (tolerance) Helped women Helped women Encouraged widow remarriage Encouraged widow remarriage Discouraged child marriages Discouraged child marriages Outlawed sati Outlawed sati

Akbar’s successors: Jahangir and Shah Jahan European trade destination European trade destination Continued Akbar’s tolerance Continued Akbar’s tolerance More interest in “good life” More interest in “good life” Fine arts patrons: Fine arts patrons: Painting workshops Painting workshops Architecture – combined Persian and Hindu Architecture – combined Persian and Hindu Taj Mahal Taj Mahal Women’s roles decline Women’s roles decline

Decline of Mughal Aurangzeb inherits many problems in empire Aurangzeb inherits many problems in empire He wants to conquer all of India and purify Indian Islam He wants to conquer all of India and purify Indian Islam Ends up with larger but more unstable empire Ends up with larger but more unstable empire Breaks up into regional control Breaks up into regional control Leaves an ideal situation for the British to come in and take over Leaves an ideal situation for the British to come in and take over