Lab 9: Reproduction & Ocean Fishes

Breeding Behavior: Non-guarders Open substrate Pelagic spawners Benthic spawners Brood hiders Herring Chinook Salmon

Breeding Behavior: Guarders Nest Spawners Mouth Brooders Internal Bearers

Mating Systems: Monogamy One ♂ and one ♀ mate exclusively Uncommon Occurs when both care for young, territories are small or encounter rates are low Butterfly Fish

Polygyny One ♂ and many ♀ mate Typically large male with territory or male defending females May use leks Triggerfish Holocanthus Cyrtocara

Polyandry One ♀ and many ♂ mate Relatively uncommon Anenome clownfish:

Promiscuity Many ♀ and many ♂ mate Sometimes huge mating aggregations Nassau grouper

Alternative Reproductive Strategies Alternative Male Strategies: Salmon: –Jack Bluegill: –Bull –Sneaker –Female Mimic

Sex Changes Synchronous hermaphrodites Sequential hermaphrodites –Protandrous –Protogynous Hypoplectrus Labroides dimidiatus

Grunions: Atherinidae

Deep Sea Anglerfish Very small male Attaches to female and becomes a parasite

Ocean Fish Stats 58.2% of all fish species (>12,000) live in the ocean Most of these (68.8%) live in warm, shallow areas (e.g. tropical reefs) 11% of all known fish species (approx. 2,300) live below 200m in depth

Where do all the Fishes Live?

Littoral and Shelf Fishes Depths up to 200m Cold-water fishes –Diversity found in rocky reefs Warm-water fishes –Diversity found in coral reefs and estuaries black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci)atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) blackbar triggerfish (Rhinecanthus aculeatus) grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus)

Continental Slope and Deep-sea Benthic Fishes (>200m) Stability through geologic time led to diversity Environment characterized by declining light, temperature, and nutrients, as well as increasing pressure Hollowsnout grenadier (Caelorinchus caelorhincus) Black-bellied angler (Lophius budegassa)

Epipelagic (Open water) Fishes <200m Adapted for cruising Tunas, Billfish, Mackerels, Flying fishes yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) ocean sunfish (Mola mola) basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)

Mesopelagic,Bathypelagic, and Abyssopelagic Fishes Live at depths >200m Mesopelagic fishes often make migrations to surface Adapted to life with little to no light, high pressure, and cold water Lanternfish (Diaphus rafinesquii) Snipe eel (Nemichthys scolopaceus) Common black devil (Melanocetus johnsoni)

Today in Lab: Observe general morphological characteristics that help define where and how the fish lives (form follows function!!) Try not to handle fish roughly (we’re really not supposed to open the jars) Answer all the questions on your handout

What the #*$* was up with those Black Earth Creek papers? Brian was salty when grading them, be so warned. Some were ok Most had major, but easy to catch flaws

Who heard us say at least five times “do not include methods or results if they do not pertain to your question”….we meant it! Keep all parts of the paper focused on your idea, even if your analyses do not work. If your analyses don’t work, use your discussion to say why not, but don’t whine, remember, you picked your study question. Abstract = main idea of each section