Focus Question: When did the Civil War become inevitable??

The Missouri Compromise (1820)

Manifest Destiny

Texas Annexation and the War with Mexico

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 “ neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory,” (Ultimately killed in the Senate—but had broad popular support) “ neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory,” (Ultimately killed in the Senate—but had broad popular support) Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA)

Compromise of New, strengthened, Fugitive Slave law. 2.CA  Free State. 3.Settled New Mexico/TX border dispute. 4.Abolished slave trade in D.C. 5. Popular sovereignty to determine status of NM and UT

Rising Tensions and the End of the Second Party System The Fugitive Slave Act No trial by jury for accused blacks Fines and prison sentences for those who resisted the act

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Democrat (Pro-Expansion/from NH) Gen. Winfield Scott Whig (Whigs splitting N & S) John Parker Hale Free Soil (after thought)

Kansas – Nebraska Act: First Blood Causes & Motivation Transcontinental Railroad contest Initial bill for a northern RR route met with Southern opposition Stephen Douglas— Senator from Illinois Compromise 

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Impact of Kansas – Nebraska Act Free-soilers and abolitionists  new Republican Party  ban slavery from territories  republican values of liberty and individual improvement -Republicans were primarily a northern party...

Bleeding Kansas Tested Popular Sovereignty Missouri natives rushed to Kansas to vote— set up gov’t in Lecompton, KS Pierce’s Role/Fed. Gov’t Pres. recognized questionable pro-slavery “Lecompton Government”  local opposition and refusal to recognize Lecompton government /Constitution Outbreak of Violence Lawrence, Kansas free-soilers attacked  John Brown “fighting fire with fire” at Pottawatomie would ultimately die in “Bloody Kansas”

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

Violence in the Capital “Crime Against Kansas” Violence in the Capital “Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) “[South as taken] the harlot slavery” as his mistress. Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) “[South as taken] the harlot slavery” as his mistress. Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

1856 Presidential Election Restructuring of parties became increasingly apparent... √ James Buchanan Democrat John C. Frémont Republican Millard Fillmore Whig

Republican Party Platform, denounced K-N Act - prohibit slavery in all territories (- federal subsidies for RR) - denounced K-N Act - prohibit slavery in all territories (- federal subsidies for RR)

Democratic Party Platform, popular sovereignty - pro- K-N Act - popular sovereignty - pro- K-N Act

1856 Election Results Significance: Republicans now second major party, behind Democrats Republicans a strictly northern party... Whigs no longer a factor

Buchanan’s Presidency - Pursued a primarily pro- slavery agenda -Recommended Kansas be admitted as slave state - Pres. during Dred Scott case…  split widened - Pursued a primarily pro- slavery agenda -Recommended Kansas be admitted as slave state - Pres. during Dred Scott case…  split widened “ The fate of the republic hinged on the ability of President Buchanan to diffuse the passions of the past decade and devise a way of protecting free soil in the West & slavery in the South”

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Scott taken by owner to Wisconsin, free territory—sued for freedom Taney’s Decision (SC ruling 9—7): 1) Scott denied rights of citizenship 2) Fifth Amendment, property rights, protected Scott’s owner 3) Northwest Ord./Missouri Comp. unconstitutional all along 4) No authority for Congress OR local gov’t to limit slavery in a territory  undermined Republican Platform  Other implications???

The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln Childhood & Family Background -modest upbringing, Indiana born Early Political Career - ambitious, passed bar exam in entered Congress as Whig 1846, lost re- election bid -joined Republicans after K-N Act Position/Stance on Slavery?

Lincoln Douglas Debates Ran for Senate vs. Douglas 1858 Hot Topic: Slavery & the Territories Lincoln “a house divided against itself cannot stand” Equal economic opportunity for all free blacks (not political equality) Against Dred Scott decision Douglas “This government was made by our fathers, by white men for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever” Freeport Doctrine  Douglas narrowly wins senate seat…Lincoln now a national figure.  Republicans win control of Congress

Rise of Radicalism In the South:  Moderates (Jeff Davis) looked for federal commitment to protect slavery  ”Fire-eaters” promoted secession In the North:  John Brown fueled southern fears of a Northern led slave uprising

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20 c )

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

1860 Presidential Election Abraham Lincoln Republican  no slavery in the territories (Lincoln chosen as “moderate”) Abraham Lincoln Republican  no slavery in the territories (Lincoln chosen as “moderate”) John Bell Constitutional Union  Preserve Constitution & Union above all John Bell Constitutional Union  Preserve Constitution & Union above all Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat  Pop. Sov. & Fugitive Slave law Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat  Pop. Sov. & Fugitive Slave law John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat  Unrestricted extension of slavery John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat  Unrestricted extension of slavery

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

Republican Party Platform in Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]. - Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. - Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. - Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. - Free homesteads for the public domain [for small farmers]. - Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]. - Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. - Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. - Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. - Free homesteads for the public domain [for small farmers].

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed Extend Missouri Compromise line Lincoln insisted Republicans vote it down...

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Building Towards War The Missouri Compromise (1820) The Compromise of 1850 Election of 1852 Pierce & Expansionism Kansas & Nebraska Act (1854) Bleeding Kansas (1854) Election of 1856 Dred-Scott Decision (1857) Election of 1860 – Abraham Lincoln becomes POTUS

Names for the Civil War The War between the States The War for Southern Independence The War for Southern Rights The Second War for Independence The War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance The War Against Slavery The War Against Northern Aggression The Yankee Invasion The War for Abolition