Preview p.44 Freud called dreams “the royal road to the unconscious.” Do you believe that dreams actually help us understand our hidden desires? – If so, explain. – If not, what other functions do dreams have? 1

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3 Freudian Classical Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality p.45 Developed by Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth century and continued until his death in 1939 – Believed sex was a primary cause of emotional problems and was a critical component of his personality theory Remains an important influence in Western culture – pop culture

Dream Interpretation Being rescued from water = relationship with your mother Flying in dreams = sexual excitement Falling into water = your own birth

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6 The Id: (The Devil) Is the original personality, the only part present at birth. – Resides in the unconscious mind – Includes our biological instinctual drives: Life instincts for survival, reproduction, and pleasure Death instincts, destructive and aggressive drives detrimental to survival – Operates on a pleasure principle -demands immediate gratification for these drives without the concern for the consequences of this gratification

7 The Superego: (The Angel) Represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior in their culture – Operates on a morality principle, threatening to overwhelm us with guilt and shame – To prevent being overcome with anxiety because of trying to satisfy the id and superego demands, the ego uses what Freud called… – Defense mechanisms - processes that distort reality and protect us from anxiety

8 The Ego: (The Result) Starts developing during the first year or so of life to find realistic and socially-acceptable outlets for the id’s needs – Operates on the reality principle, finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (the norms and laws of society)

Defense Mechanisms Skits Textbook Page 380 – Rationalization – Repression – Denial – Projection – Reaction Formation – Regression – Displacement – Sublimation

10 Defense Mechanisms

11 Defense Mechanisms

12 Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory Was developed chiefly from his own childhood memories and from his interactions with his patients. An erogenous zone is the area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking psychic energy is focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development Fixation occurs when a portion of the id’s pleasure- seeking energy remains in a stage because of excessive gratification or frustration of our instinctual needs.

13 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development

14 Potty Training Parents try to get the child to have self-control during toilet training – If the child reacts to harsh toilet training by trying to get even with the parents by withholding bowel movements, an anal- retentive personality with the traits of orderliness, neatness, stinginess, and obstinacy develops – The anal-expulsive personality develops when the child rebels against the harsh training and has bowel movements whenever and wherever he desires

15 Phallic Stage Conflicts In the Oedipus conflict, the little boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears the father (his rival) will find out and castrate him In the Electra conflict, the little girl is attracted to her father because he has a penis; she wants one and feels inferior without one (penis envy)

16 Criticisms of Freud’s theory: (Neo-Freudian) 1. Rejected idea that adult personality is completely formed by 5- or 6-years old. 2. Argued that Freud’s focused too much on biological instincts (ignored social factors.) 3. The overall negative tone of Freud’s theories was not seen as effective by later clinical psychologists.

17 Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality Agree with many of Freud’s basic ideas, but differ in one or more important ways Carl Jung’s Collective Unconscious Alfred Adler’s Striving for Superiority Karen Horney and the Need for Security

18 Neo-Freudian thoughts Many of Freud’s followers joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. This society, led by Freud, focused on Freud’s view of personality. Freud disagreed strongly with anyone who challenged his views. Several members of the group, left to form their own views of personality (schools, associations).

19 Carl Jung ( ) Born in Switzerland, the son of a Protestant Minister, Jung was a quiet, introspective child who kept to himself. Pondered the nature of dreams & visions he experienced. Jung earned his M.D. degree in 1900 & went on to study schizophrenia, consciousness, & hypnosis. He became interested in Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams.

20 More about Jung Jung & Freud met in 1907 & became close colleagues. Jung formally left Freud’s group in Jung spent the next 7 years in intense introspection—led to his theory of personality.

21 The Collective Unconscious There are common themes & experiences that all people in all cultures experience. Examples: (God(s)) 1. Christianity– God 2. Islam-Allah 3. Hindu – Multiple Gods

22 The collective unconscious is made up of primordial images. These images called archetypes, are the universal symbolic images of a particular person, object, or experience. Example: the archetype of mother is in the child’s collective unconscious.

23 Mythology: Common themes across cultures (ancient, recent) If you look throughout all human history you can identify these following themes: Hero & heroine (Luke or Leia) Villain (Darth Vader) Naïve youth & wise old-sage (Luke and Obi-Wan)

24 Shadow – Our dark side This is the unconscious part of ourselves that is negative. Jung argued you couldn’t have good without evil. This concept is found throughout every culture.

25 Other common archetypes Mother/Father God/Devil Hero/Heroine (Knight, Warrior) Damsel (Princess) Alchemist (Wizard, Magician, Scientist, Inventor) (Fairy Godmother/Godfather) Teacher (Instructor, Mentor)

26 Individuation: Jung believed that the goal of personality development was to “realize the self” Individuation – the process in which a person becomes an individual (unified whole) Your opposing forces are in harmony

27 Carl Jung’s Other Terms: Jung proposed two main personality attitudes, extraversion and introversion Extraversion – Outgoing and excitable. Introversion – Quiet and slower to warm up.

28 Alfred Adler’s Striving for Superiority An Austrian physician, Adler was one of the first to break from Freud’s group (1911). Rejected Freud’s notion of “penis envy,” argued that women really envy men’s power & status. Main difference: Adler emphasized importance of conscious goal-directed behavior & down played unconscious influences.

29 More about Adler: All humans begin life with a sense of inferiority. We are helpless as children & need adults to survive. Adler argued we struggle the rest of our lives to overcome this feeling of inferiority.

30 We struggle to overcome inferiority. Adler called this natural instinct striving for superiority. “Striving for superiority” doesn’t mean being superior over others, rather to improve ourselves. Our primary motivation is to improve ourselves.

31 What happens if we fail? If we fail to overcome feelings of vulnerability & weakness, we develop an inferiority complex. Here, an individual believes they are inferior & feel powerless, weak, & helpless.

32 Birth Order shapes personality First-Born- are often pampered & showered with attention. Are likely to have problems later Middle-Born-not pampered, must share attention with siblings. Last-Born- pampered through out life. Are likely to have problems later Big Idea: Pampering leads to problems

33 Karen Horney and The Need for Security p.47 Focused on dealing with our need for security, rather than a sense of inferiority Three neurotic personality patterns Feelings of security with result in: – Moving toward people A compliant, submissive person Feelings of helplessness and insecurity will result in: – Moving against people An aggressive, domineering person – Moving away from people A detached, aloof person

Process- Illustrating Theories p.46 Freud’s Iceberg is a well known diagram of his theory. Create a sketch for the the theories of Jung, Adler, and Horney.