1 References - Pranee Liamputtong & Douglas Ezzy, Qualitative Research Methods, Pranee Liamputtong & Douglas Ezzy, Qualitative Research Methods, Janice M. Morse & Peggy Anne Field, Qualitative Research Methods for health professionals, Norman K. Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln, Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2 nd Edi; Pricilla R. Ulin et al, Qualitative methods in Public Health: A field guide for applied research, 2005

2 Principles of Data Analysis Excellent product of qualitative research 1. 1.Collection of adequate & appropriate data 2. 2.Creativity in data analysis   Cognitive process of data analysis   Data preparation & data management tech.   Procedures to verify the analysis process & emerging theory

3 Cognitive process of data analysis Active process Immersion in & complete familiarity with the data Astute questioning & persistent search Active observation Fitting data together 4 cognitive processes 1. 1.Comprehending 2. 2.Synthesizing (decontextualizing) 3. 3.Theorizing 4. 4.Recontexualizing

4 Con… 4 cognitive processes 1. 1.Comprehending To keep the lit. ‘in abeyance’  prevent data contamination Transcription & checking & correction & coding Making sense of the data Coding as a central process  uncovering underlying meanings in the text & metaphorical references Identify patterns of experience & predict their outcomes note 2.doc note6.docnote 2.docnote6.doc

5 Con… 4 cognitive processes 2. 2.Synthesizing (decontextualizing) Sifting & getting a feel Ability to describe the norms expressively (e.g. ‘these folk do this & that’) & have some notion about the range & variation of behaviours Ability to provide with confidence, composite description of how people act…without referring to notes note 2.docnote 2.doc

6 Con… 4 cognitive processes 3. 3.Theorizing Essential tool Systematic selection & fitting of alternative models to the data Constructing alternative explanations Final solution note 2.doc note6.docnote 2.docnote6.doc

7 Con… 4 cognitive processes 4. 4.Recontexualizing Development of the emerging theory Applicable to other settings & to other population Links the new findings to the lit. note 2.doc note6.docnote 2.doc note6.doc

8 Analytical options 1.Memos  Essential technique for Quali analysis  Analytic thinking & insights  Reflection on methods, theory or purposes 2.Categorizing strategies  Coding  To fracture the data  Rearrange into categories  Comparison 3.Connecting strategies  Organise the data into broader themes

9 Planning your categorizing analysis  Organizational  Broad area or issues that you establish prior to the intw.  As ‘bins’ for sorting the data  Substantive  Making sense of what’s going on  Open coding  Description of participants’ concepts & beliefs  Theoretical  Abstract framework  Derived from prior theory  Researcher’s concepts

10 Types of Analysis (موضوعی)  categorizing strategiesThematic analysis (موضوعی)  categorizing strategies –Not immediately jump out of the interview –Theme beneath the surface of the intw. –Concepts indicated by the data

11 Types of Analysis (محتوی)Content analysis (محتوی) 1. 1.Latent  review of passage & paragraphs 2. words, phrases, descriptors, terms 2.manifest  words, phrases, descriptors, terms  by topic –Segmented by the topics into categories –Identify several important topics – category label – categories –Too many categories == slow data saturation –A tree of diagram (two or more subcategory) –Find the relationship between the categories

12 Types of Analysis Semantic analysis  analysing the languageSemantic analysis  analysing the language Narrative analysis  takes the story as the investigative focus : connecting strategiesNarrative analysis  takes the story as the investigative focus : connecting strategies Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis Ethnographic microanalysisEthnographic microanalysis

13 Coding Data Coding data is a data reduction method. In qualitative research, codes are typically words or devices for identifying themes. a detailed description of each codea detailed description of each code inclusion and exclusion criteriainclusion and exclusion criteria exemplars of real text for each themeexemplars of real text for each theme exemplars of the theme's boundaries, if abstractexemplars of the theme's boundaries, if abstract

14 how might you be wrong? Validity Refer to correctness or credibility of: Description Conclusion Explanation Interpretation 4 aspects of trustworthiness 1. 1.Truth value  one or multiple realities 2. 2.Applicability  findings can be applied in other contexts or settings 3. 3.Consistency  consistent of the findings in replicated inquiry 4. 4.Neutrality or conformability  freedom from bias by prolonged contact with the informants & acknowledgement of the biases