V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Lack cell walls.

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History - first animals in fossil record date to 900 mya largely wormlike soft-bodied organisms

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History - first animals in fossil record date to 900 mya largely wormlike soft-bodied organisms - in the Cambrian, 550 mya: – response to predators (Cnidarians) – radiation of major phyla organisms with hard parts

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity - Approximately 1 million described animal species. Of these: 5% have a backbone (vertebrates) ( a subphylum in the phylum Chordata) Pikaia - earliest Chordate

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity - 95% lack a backbone (invertebrates) (in 29 Phyla, including Chordata) - 85% are Arthropods

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity - most ‘types’ of animals (phyla) are invertebrate, marine orgs. - humans are not typical animals

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends - Body Symmetry asymmetrical radially symmetrical bilaterally symmetrical

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends - Embryological development zygote – morula – blastula – gastrula – neurula

Gastrulation in the sea urchin

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends - “Cephalization” – evolving a head

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends - Digestion

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends - Digestion * intracellular to extracellular

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends - Digestion * intracellular to extracellular * “gut” to “tract”

V. Kingdom Animalia A. Introduction 1. Characteristics 2. History 3. Diversity 4. Evolutionary Trends 5. Phylogeny

5. Phylogeny

II. Animal Diversity A. Sponges

II. Animal Diversity A. Sponges - asymmetrical

II. Animal Diversity A. Sponges - asymmetrical - loosely integrated cells (not true tissues)

II. Animal Diversity A. Sponges - asymmetrical - loosely integrated cells - cell types: choanocytes line cavity – absorb food epidermal cells on outer surface mesohyll – contains supporting soft spongin fibers and rigid, silicaceous spicules. Also, ameoboid cells that transfer food from choanocytes to outer cells.

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 1. Diversity - Hydras

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 1. Diversity - Hydras - Jellyfish

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 1. Diversity - Hydras - Jellyfish - Anemones

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 1. Diversity - Hydras - Jellyfish - Anemones - Corals

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 2. Body Plan diploblastic – two true tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm)

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 2. Body Plan - diploblastic – two true tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) - gastrovascular cavity - ameoboid cells in mesoglia

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 2. Body Plan - diploblastic – two true tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) - gastrovascular cavity - ameoboid cells in mesoglea - cnidocytes with nematocysts

II. Animal Diversity B. Cnidarians 2. Body Plan - diploblastic – two true tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) - gastrovascular cavity - ameoboid cells in mesoglea - cnidocytes with nematocysts - Hydra and jellies alternate between polyp and medusa stages; coral and anemones have only polyps

II. Animal Diversity C. Bilateria – Triploblastic: gastrulation and mesoderm formation (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or eucoelomate)

II. Animal Diversity C. Bilateria – Triploblastic: gastrulation and mesoderm formation (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or eucoelomate) Bilaterally Symmetrical – “head” and “top” concentration of sensory systems at front “cephalization”

II. Animal Diversity C. Bilateria 1. Protostomes – blastopore forms mouth a. Lophotrochozoans b. Ecdysozoans 2. Deuterostomes – blastopore forms anus a. Echinodermata b. Hemichordata c. Chordata

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans - Lophophore (feeding structure) or trochophore larvae

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 1. Platyhelminthes a. Diversity - Planarians (free-living)

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 1. Platyhelminthes a. Diversity - Planarians - Tapeworms - parasitic

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 1. Platyhelminthes a. Diversity - Planarians - Tapeworms - parasitic - Flukes – parasitic Complex life cycles Life cycle of a blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 1. Platyhelminthes b. body plan - bilateral - nerve net cephalized – nerve ring

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 1. Platyhelminthes b. body plan - bilateral - nerve net cephalized – nerve ring - ‘acoelomate’ – deep tissues…

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 1. Platyhelminthes b. body plan - bilateral - nerve net cephalized – nerve ring - ‘acoelomate’ – deep tissues… - pharynx and convoluted gut: convoluted gut serves to distribute nutrients to “deep” tissues…acts as a ‘vascular’ (distributive) system… so the gut is called a “gastrovascular” cavity.

II. Animal Diversity a. Lophotrochozoans 2. “Lophophorates” - a diverse group of worm-like animals that have the same feeding structure – a “lophophore” - complete gut