Chapter 11 and 12 The Late Middle Ages and The Age of the Renaissance

Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity The Developments of Vernacular Literature – Dante (1265 – 1321) The Divine Comedy Literature and the Black Death – Boccaccio and the human condition

Forces that drive a new way of thinking…… Increased trade with Asia and other regions Growth of large, wealthy city-states in Italy Renewed interest in the classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome Rise of rich and powerful merchants, who became patrons of the arts Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledge Desire to beautify cities

Why Italy? Geography History Economy/Banking

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth Urban Society = merchant class Age of Recovery Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Emphasis on individual ability Secularism which becomes widely known as….

Humanism Italian Renaissance Humanism – Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature – A literary movement – Non-clerical writers!!!!???!!! Petrarch (1304 – 1374) – The father of Humanism Valla ( ) – The Professional Heretic – Donation of Constantine

Education & The Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance – Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music – Education of Women – Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen The Impact of Printing – Johannes Gutenberg Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg ’ s Bible (1455 or 1456) The Spread of Printing – cost and availability

Revival of Greek and Roman Texts and Civic Humanism Machiavelli – The ends justify the means – Politics is separate from Christian ethics – The prince should prefer fear to love as a tool of government – Centralized authority is preferable to feudalism – Leaders should do what is effective, not ideal

Civic Humanists Castiglione (1478 – 1529) – The Book of the Courtier (1528) – Service to the prince Leaders are role models and should act accordingly to inspire their people Ideals DO matter in government The Prince should cultivate his character to improve his rule Rulers should be intellectually curious

Renaissance Society Economic Recovery (read in text book) – Hanseatic League – Textile Industries – Wool industry – Luxury Goods - silk, glassware, precious stones – Banking – Medici’s Social Changes – Preservation of the 3 Estate System – Importance of FAMILY to secure position

The Estates FIRST ESTATE – Clergy SECOND ESTATE – Nobility – Dominated society in the 16 th century – While on 2-3% of the population THIRD ESTATE – Everyone else – Overwhelming majority were peasants – Decline of the manorial system/serfdom (The beginnings of capitalism) – The Bourgeoisie (By the 15 th century slavery had dramatically decline in Italy)

Artistic Techniques Linear Perspective Chiaroscuro, means “light/dark” in Italian – referred to the new technique of painting lighter parts to emerge from darker areas Sfumato, (“to tone down” or “to evaporate like smoke”) – in painting or drawing, the fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colors and tones.

The Artistic Renaissance Early Renaissance – Masaccio (1401 – 1428) – Perspective and Organization – Movement and Anatomical Structure Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) – David Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) – Last Supper

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Holbein - The Ambassadors Brueghel – The Wedding Dance

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE ART In Renaissance art, human emotions were depicted liberally. Humans were very natural and lifelike. They had realistic expressions unlike the humans depicted in medieval art. The attention given to the development of an individual’s potential during the Renaissance brought with it a new emphasis on education.

CONTINUED Another key characteristic of Renaissance art is that tends to be monumental. This was a time of a powerful and wealthy church, princely courts, and powerful patrons like the de Medici family in Florence. Architecture, sculpture, and painting is massive, opulent, and enduring.

Secular or Religious Subjects Subjects were often chosen by the Patron. There was a great influence of Rome and Greek ancient art works on the Renaissance artists and they preferred to paint Greek gods, Greek goddesses and Greek philosophers. Even the architects built Roman style round arches, which were considered against the Church ideals.

Scientific Naturalism Close observation and study of the natural world The study of geometry, proportions, space, laws of perspective, anatomy were perused Realistic portrayal of natural world

Europe in the Renaissance ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Italy during the Renaissance Emerging Powerful States – Milan – Visconti, Sforza – Venice – Great Council – Florence - The Medici – The Papal States France and Spain fight over the peninsula Modern diplomatic system – Peace of Lodi solves interstate rivalry for 40 years

The European State in the Renaissance…New Monarchies??? The Renaissance State in Western Europe – France Estates General Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) – England War of the Roses Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) from the House of Lancaster – Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of the Jews

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires (far weaker than the West) Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire – Habsburg Dynasty Marriage France The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe – Ethnic/religious differences – Poland Monarch v Nobility Wars with Russia – Hungary (significant for a minute) – Russia The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire – Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory – Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

The Church in the Renaissance The Problem of Heresy and Reform – Wyclif No basis for TEMPORAL POWER “The bible should be a Christians sole authority” (pg 368) – John Hus (1374 – 1415) Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) – Church Councils – did nothing however, – The Papacy did lose its power over secular governments The Renaissance Papacy – Julius II (1503 – 1513) “ Warrior Pope ” – Nepotism – Patrons of Culture Leo X (1513 – 1521) son of Lorenzo de’ Medici