States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 18 States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa Mr. Wyka’s AP World History

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Africa Review From your reading of chapter 3, you may remember something about the Bantu migrations and early agricultural societies of Sub Saharan Africa. If you don’t, re-read it (page 65-68) because it’s THAT important. But first…. What does it mean to be Sub-Saharan? ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SUB-SAHARAN Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara Desert. It contrasts with North Africa, which has a Mediterranean climate and has been influenced historically by European cultures (Greek, Roman, Christian) and after 650 C.E., by Arab / Muslim culture. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The BANTU From about 2000 B.C.E. to about 1000 B.C.E., the Bantu and other migrants move through Sub‐Saharan Africa herding and spreading agriculture. They either displaced or absorbed the native peoples and would eventually discover iron metallurgy for improved tools. They bring yams, millet and bananas and the new technology and new foods start a surge in population. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cultivation of Bananas First Domesticated in southeast Asia Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300-500 C.E. Introduce bananas, yams, chickens Well-adapted to African climate Food supply increases with this key crop What happens when food supplies increase?

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Population Growth WHY? ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Why the Population Explosion? Both Spread by the Bantu migrations Iron metallurgy Bananas

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Now let’s pick up in Chapter 18… ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The political organization of African tribes was generally kin (extended family)‐based rather than bureaucracy‐based. Families, especially male family leaders, governed villages through councils. The chief was usually the head of the most prominent family. Villages were grouped into districts, and the chiefs dealt with inter‐village affairs. About 1000 C.E., this system began to fall apart as increased population pressures forced conflicts over resources. Some communities organized military forces and began conquering surrounding communities. The best example of this were Benin, Ife, and the Kingdom of the Kongo.

African religions had a creator god with lesser gods and spirits, who often were associated with natural features and intervened in people’s lives. Diviners mediated between humans and the spirits, and used both rituals and medicine to solve problems. These methods reflected that African religions were practical and not theological.

Ethiopian Christianity Christianity came to Africa in the first century Christianity was especially strong in Ethiopia were the kings claimed descent from the Israelite kings. Isolated from other Christian areas until 1500s Independent development Strong African influence Spirit world amulets

Islam came to Africa in the 700s‐800s. In sub‐Saharan Africa, Islam appealed to the elites who built mosques and schools, but did not change society significantly, especially in gender relations, where African women were more equal to men than in Islam. In African society, men did the heavy labor and women took control of the domestic sphere. However, while men controlled the political process, aristocratic women did have influence. Women were also involved in business and, unlike in many other societies at this time, the military.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slavery in Africa Slavery in Africa was similar to slavery in other regions, with the slaves being war captives, criminals, or debtors who worked as laborers. Scope of Slavery Ibn Battuta crossed the Sahara in a caravan that included 600 slaves. Mansa Musa, the Mali king, set out on his pilgrimage to Mecca with 500 hundred slaves. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

In West Africa, the introduction of the camel after 300 C. E In West Africa, the introduction of the camel after 300 C.E. made crossing the desert easier and increased trade and communication across the Sahara. The kingdom of Ghana became the most important commercial site in the region, with its capital city Koumbi‐Saleh being the center for the trade in gold, slaves, ivory, horses, and salt. Exposed to Islam through trade, the kings of Ghana became Muslim but did not force conversions on their people. The kingdom declined in the early thirteenth century due to nomadic raiders.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. GHANA Pg 376 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The great kingdom in the region was Mali, built by Sundiata (c The great kingdom in the region was Mali, built by Sundiata (c. 1230‐1255) in part by controlling and taxing the trade through Mali. Mansa Musa (c 1312‐1337) expanded Mali. He also helped advance Islam by participating in the hajj, hiring Islamic scholars, and establishing Islamic schools in Mali. Internal factions and military pressure from its neighbors caused Mali Empire to collapse and, it was replaced in the late fifteenth century by the Songhay Empire.

Mansa Musa Pg 377

The east coast of Africa, often known as the Swahili Coast, was involved in the Indian Ocean trade with both Arabic and Indian merchants. The coastal cities, such as Kilwa, become wealthy due to the trade and development into independent city‐states. Trade led to the conversion of more African kings to Islam, which helped to further both trade and political alliances with other Muslims states.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Great Zimbabwe ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Kingdoms, Empires, and City-States of Sub-Saharan Africa, 800-1500 C.E.

Your reward for sticking with me….

Making this knowledge your own. Pick up a Chapter 18 blank outline and begin outlining the chapter. Note the main point(s) of each section. Put in the Dropbox when completed. If you don’t finish your work today, this becomes homework and is due tomorrow.