1. Spot, the Dog & Cognitive Behavioral Model: Understanding and applying it to change agent work Guy Bourgon, Ph.D., C. Psych. Cog Summit: Track 1 Minnesota. February 5, 2016

2. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision The Big Picture: Facilitating Change over time.  Assessment Understanding “who” and “where to go”  Relationship Creating mutual trust and collaborative goals  Foundation Teach core concepts & language used in “work”  Individual Work Individualized work to reach specific mutual goals Community Resources in a Supportive Role

3. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Relationship Building Remember: Create Optimal Learning Environment!  Engagement Increases when Relationship Mutual trust, respect and predictability PO skills such as MI, listening, feedback, role clarification, and collaborative goal setting  Check In… Opportunity to build relationship Sets stage for work – not solve problem for them! 3

4. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Video#1: Case Manager vs. Change Agent The “Meet & Greet”. Starting a supervision session  Melissa Check-In: Moderate risk & needs (attitudes, family/marital, employment, substance abuse) Drug/property offences present and history Boyfriend and 2 kids from previous relationship Involvement in Child Welfare (CAS) 4 Length: 7:40

5. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision  START AT 4:10…. TO END TOTAL 3:30  START AT 2:40 TO END TOTAL 2:20 5

6. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Observations…  Builds relationship By showing care and understanding By rolling with resistance By NOT problem solving or giving advice Does this approach enhance relationship? Does this approach gather information? Does it set the stage for future “change work”? 6

7. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision What is known about change work? Treatment Programs that use CBT are effective 7

8. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 8 Treatment programs… Cognitive-Behavioural (k = 77) vs. Others (k = 297)  Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions are most effective! Source: Andrews & Bonta, 2010

9. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Question How often are Cognitive Intervention Techniques used in 1 on 1 community supervision? 9

10. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Cognitive Techniques During Supervision Sessions 10 STARR*: Robinson, Vanbensehoten, Alexander & Lowencamp, 2011 STICS**: Bourgon & Gutierrez,, 2012

11. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision OutcomeΦkN General Recidivism.022653,930 Violent Recidivism.00828,523 Bonta et al. (2008)  Minimal impact on recidivism k = number of effect sizes Is this surprising? Community Supervision Effectiveness Meta-Analytic Findings

12. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Why so infrequently?  Not just tool or technique, it is model of behavior Impacts all aspects of working with clients.  Not enough time… Too many other administrative responsibilities  Difficult… Lack understanding of model results in indirect or ineffective discussions about thinking, attitudes…  Believe they do it already… Primarily BEHAVIORAL not COGNITIVE… 12

13. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 13 What does “Cognitive-Behavioral” really mean?.

14. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Behavioral vs Cognitive-Behavioral Behavioral InterventionsCognitive-Behavioral Interventions Focus on the ABCs1 st change thought then behavior Antecedents (e.g., Triggers): Things outside individual are causal Antecedents (e.g., Outside Cues): Context not causal Cognitions: (e.g., Inside cues) Causal for behavior yet self-determined What: Content of thought How: Process of thinking Teach/model new thinking skills Behavior: New skills to get external consequences Behavior: New thinking aids learning new behaviors Consequences: External focus are attempts to control outside consequences (others) Consequences: External consequences not in our control Self control of internal consequences

15. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 15 Cognitive-Behavioural Model: Four Key Components 1.External (Antecedent) Stimuli People, places & things outside of me 2.Internal Stimuli Thoughts, feelings, memories, physical sensations 3.Behavior What I do and what I don’t do 4.Consequences What happens after (results of) my behavior

16. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 16 Key Learnings about External/Internal Stimuli 1.External Stimuli (Outside Cues): People, places & things outside of me I don’t control external stimuli External stimuli don’t control me 2.Internal stimuli (Inside Cues): Thoughts, feelings, memories, physical sensations They direct my behavior. My control, my responsibility, my choice

17. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 17 Key Learnings about Consequences #1  Reinforcers (cookies): Things I like Teach Come from 2 sources: external and internal  I DON’T control external  I DO control internal  Internal most important because timing (1 st )

18. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 18 Key Learnings about Consequences #2  Punishers (Boots): Things I don’t like Typically confuse but MAY teach…  Only what not to do to (not how to get reinforcers)  Only under special circumstances Come from external and internal Internal most important because timing (1 st ) I do not control external punishers

19. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 19 In addition…Key Client Lessons  What I think directs what I do! External stimuli is context not cause I control all of me: internal and behavior My Control = My Responsibility = My Choice  What I do is goal directed Does what I do get me what I want?  Learning new things = reinforcing self (not punish self) Working for internal reinforcers = Working for me Working for external reinforcers = Working for others

20. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision That is a “HEAVY LOAD”!  How many of our clients actually believe this?  How many of us believe this? Takes away the power of our excuses… Takes away our power over others… Gives us too much responsibility… Gives us too much power over ourselves Gives everyone the power of CHOICE 20

21. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision And even if client believes this… Next challenge is change! WHOA! WAIT A MINUTE! IT’S NOT AS EASY AS IT SOUNDS! 21

22. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision CB model and client work  Many critical lessons for client to learn/accept Lessons/learnings required before applying to self Client does not have vocabulary Textbook language & terms not “responsive”  Thinking errors, neutralizations, etc…  So how to bring CB into client work? 22

23. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision “SPOT, THE DOG”

24. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Now back to Melissa.. -Collaborative goal: ↓“drama” & feel less stress -Teaching Spot the Dog -Some questions to ask while watching: - Selling “teaching” - How engaged is she? - Is she learning? - How quickly does she use new vocabulary? (Spot to 11:37) (Spot to 11:37 – Application to 19:17) (total length 19:17)

25. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 25 SUGGESTION: START AT 2:51 TO 9:48 TOTAL 7 MINUTES CONTINUE TO 11:30 ADDS 2 MINUTES FOR TOTAL 9 MINUTES HER APPLICATION: 5 MINUTES MORE: TOTAL 15 MINUTES. Intervention Spot to 11:37 Apply to me: 11:37 - 19:17 = 7:40

26. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Observations: -Has she learned? -The four components of the CB model? -The language to talk about each? -Did she learn the key point? -That her thinking leads to behavior?

27. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Outside CuesInside CuesBehaviorConsequence People, places, things Thoughts Feelings, Memories, needs My actions What I do Results of actions 2 Types: Cookies (rewards) Boots (costs) 2 Sources: Outside Inside Everything outside of me! Everything inside of me! Verbal and non-verbal A Fundamental Cognitive-Behavioral Tool Spot, The Dog & The Behavior Sequence

28. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Outside CuesInside CuesBehaviorConsequence Key Points I don ’ t control them They don ’ t control me Will always be there Key Points Directs my behaviour I control I ’ m responsible I can change them Key Points Leads to consequences Goal directed. Does what I do get me what I want? Key Points Outside consequences I don ’ t control Inside Consequences I control Most important Cookie teach Boots confuse Who controls my cookies? The Behaviour Sequence: Key learning points

29. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Outside CuesInside CuesBehaviorConsequence Context only, no control Cognitive Restructuring All are evaluated based on long term goals and always responsibility Inside & Outside Short & long term Who controls your cookies? Are they what you want? TAPES: Old thoughts promoting Red, Blue, Purple (aka procriminal) behavior COUNTERS: New thoughts promotes Green (aka prosocial) behavior: 2 parts to effective counters A> New Green (prosocial) thought/attitude B> Guide to Green (prosocial) behavior The Behaviour Sequence

30. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Back to Melissa.. -She has learned: -The four components of the CB model -Common language to talk about it -Thinking leads to behavior

31. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision But how does it all apply to me? -Some questions to ask while watching: - Is she learning to apply what she learned? - What has changed? (From 11:37 to 19:17: approx. 8 minutes)

32. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 32 SUGGESTION: START AT 2:51 TO 9:48 TOTAL 7 MINUTES CONTINUE TO 11:30 ADDS 2 MINUTES FOR TOTAL 9 MINUTES HER APPLICATION: 5 MINUTES MORE: TOTAL 15 MINUTES. Intervention Spot to 11:37 Apply to me: 11:37 - 19:17 = 7:40

33. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Observations: -She has learned: -This stuff applies to her -Separating her inside cues from outside cues -Taking responsibility -Sense of empowerment to change -Change in attitude towards attending session (Spot to 11:37 – Application to 19:17) (total length 19:17)

34. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision CB Foundations: The 4 STEPS of “CB Work” 1.Teach CB model and show thought-behaviour link - Demonstrate that thinking directs behaviour 2.Identify procriminal attitudes/thoughts & behaviours - Show “what” thinking that leads to procriminal behaviours 3.Model & teach prosocial cognitive & behavioural skills - What & how to change: must be concrete & simple - Active (what to do) NOT passive (what not to do) 4.Practice & help generalize these skills - Rehearsal with feedback here & on street Not managing reactions to outside stimuli RATHER Self-creating new thinking and behaviour patterns Provide a common vocabulary so officer and client can communicate effectively

35. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 35 Cognitive-Behavioural Model: Key Lessons  Awareness of four components permits Evaluation of thoughts influence on behavior Evaluation of consequences (i.e. goals) Evaluation of behavior to achieve goals Power to teach (and change) self  New thoughts to direct new behavior  To obtain more of what I want (i.e., reinforcers) and less of what I don’t want (i.e., punishers)

36. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Remember? How often are Cognitive Intervention Techniques used in 1 on 1 community supervision? 36

37. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Cognitive Techniques During Supervision Sessions 37 STARR*: Robinson, Vanbensehoten, Alexander & Lowencamp, 2011 STICS**: Bourgon & Gutierrez,, 2012

38. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision But look! Increase after training! 38 *STARR: Robinson, Vanbensehoten, Alexander & Lowencamp, 2011 **STICS: Bourgon & Gutierrez,, 2012

39. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Is the Behavior Sequence Important? Evidence from STICS Project”

40. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision 40 Effectiveness of Learning the Behaviour Sequence  The Behaviour Sequence is very important

41. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Is the Behavior Sequence important? (ALL PO): Cox Regression (control age & LSI-R criminal history) Exposure to Behavior Sequence None vs. Exposure Exp(B) =.345 95%CI =.159 -.749 Δ -28% All Clients N = 142

42. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Is the Behavior Sequence important? (STICS PO): Cox Regression (control age & LSI-R criminal history) STICS Clients Only N = 99 Exposure to Behavior Sequence None vs. Exposure Exp(B) =.330 95%CI =.141 -.770 Δ -29%

43. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Is the Behavior Sequence important? (Within PO): Cox Regression (control age & LSI-R criminal history) Same PO: has cases with & without exposure N = 54 Exposure to Behavior Sequence None vs. Exposure Exp(B) =.497 95%CI =.161 – 1.535 Δ -19%

44. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision IT IS IMPORTANT! BUT COACHING IS CRITICAL! 44

45. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Control vs. Low Support vs. High Support Topics discussed in Sessions > 9 months post-training  High Support superior to Low Support (who are similar to Control ) % of Sessions

46. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Cognitive skills improve over time 46

47. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Can you accept?  Individual’s attitudes and thoughts Are primary cause of all of our behavior? Is one of the strongest criminogenic needs?  Community supervision can be more effective When officers take on change agent role? When we work on attitudes and thoughts?  An efficient and effective supervision environment When client/officer share common model & vocabulary When client takes complete responsibility for self Spot and Behavior Sequence is a way to get there! 47

48. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Having the knowledge/skills to work on “Thinking” is hard BUT DO-ABLE!  Cognitive technique skill development takes time Coaching truly important part of development  CB model influences all skills and techniques EXAMPLE: Problem Solving: identify tapes and practice counters before generating alternatives EXAMPLE: Role play rehearsal: identify tapes and generate counters before skill rehearsal 48

49. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Change Agent Approach Means… A Very Different Way of Working For the Individual & the Organization! BUT WORTH IT! Overall, STICS showed 11%-18% difference in recidivism With Fidelity & Commitment… 19%-29% difference in recidivism

50. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Selected References  Bourgon, G. (2013). The Demands on Probation Officers in the Evolution of Evidence-Based Practice: The Forgotten Foot Soldier of Community Corrections. Federal Probation, 77, 30-35.  Bonta, J., Bourgon, G., Rugge, T., Gress, C., & Gutierrez, L. (2013). Taking the leap : From pilot project to wide-scale implementation of the Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS). Justice Research and Policy, 15, (1).  Bonta, J., Bourgon, G, Rugge, T. Gutierrez, L. (2011). An Experimental Demonstration of Training Probation Officers in Evidence-Based Community. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 1127-1148.  Bonta, J., Rugge, T., Scott, T., Bourgon, G., & Yessine, A. K. (2008). Exploring the black box of community supervision. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 47, 248-270.  Bourgon, G, & Gutierrez, L. (2012). The General Responsivity Principle in Community Supervision: The Importance of Probation Officers Using Cognitive Intervention Techniques and Its Influence on Recidivism. The Journal of Crime and Justice. DOI:10.1080/0735648X.2012.674816  Bourgon, G, Gutierrez, L. & Ashton, J. (2011). The Evolution of Community Supervision Practice: The Transformation from Case Manager to Change Agent. Irish Probation Journal, 8, 28-48. Reprinted in Federal Probation, September 2012.  Bourgon, G., Bonta, J., Rugge, T, & Gutierrez, L. (2010). The role of program design, implementation, and evaluation in evidence-based “real world” community corrections. Federal Probation, 74, 2-15.  Bourgon, G., Bonta, J., Rugge, T, & Gutierrez, L. (2010). Technology Transfer: The Importance of On-Going Clinical Supervision in Translating ‘What Works’ to Everyday Community Supervision In Fergus McNeil, Peter Raynor & Chris Trotter (eds) Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice. Willan Publishing. Devon, UK.

51. STICS: Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision Further Information Available on the Public Safety Canada Website www.publicsafety.gc.ca Contact Guy.Bourgon@ps.gc.ca 340 Laurier Ave West Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0P8