1. REVIEW QUESTION Which of the following correlation values is strongest? a. -.90 b. +.60 c. +.50 d..10 e. +.80 ANSWER= A

2. REVIEW QUESTION A measure of variability based on the differences between each score and the mean is: a. Sampling error b. Standard deviation c. Z-score d. Range e. T-test ANSWER: B

3. REVIEW QUESTION A reinforcement schedule that creates the highest rate of performance is: a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ration d. Variable ratio e. All of the above ANSWER: D

4. REVIEW QUESTION An IQ range of 20-35 would indicate what degree of retardation? a. mild b. moderate c. severe d. profound e. None of the above ANSWER: C

5. REVIEW QUESTION A condition in which a person suddenly falls asleep at inappropriate times is called: a. Sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Somnambulism d. Night Terrors e. None of the above ANSWER: B

8. Motivation Theories/Perspectives 1. Instinct/Evolutionary 2. Drive Reduction 3. Optimum Arousal 4. Maslow’s Hierarchy

9. 1. Instinct Perspective Instinct Perspective: we are motivated by our inborn, automated behaviors. INFANT Reflexes: Rooting:Grasping: Babinski:Moro: Sucking:

10. Instinct  Evolutionary Idea that instincts control behavior has been replaced by the evolutionary perspective, which searches for the adaptive functions of behavior

11. 2. Drive-Reduction Perspective Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Body wants to maintain homeostasis. When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. Primary versus Secondary drives

13. Drive Reduction Theory When there is both a need /drive (hunger) & an incentive (smell of chocolate chip cookies) We feel strongly driven

14. Drive Reduction Theory We are pushed by internal drives & pulled by external incentives.

15. Problems with Drive Reduction Theory Homeostasis is good for explaining thirst and hunger needs, but what about other things that motivate us, but are NOT needed for survival.

16. Drive reduction doesn’t explain…

18. 3. Arousal Perspective We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.

19. 19

23. Optimum Arousal Theory Performance is best when arousal is moderate.Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

24. Abraham Maslow

25. 4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

26. Criticisms of Maslow’s Hierarchy Seen as far too simplistic. Does not predict or explain. People may not have to satisfy one kind of need before addressing another. The needs that are most important to people’s satisfaction with life do not always correspond to Maslow’s hierarchy. Ordering of needs varies among cultures.