1. Polymerization Reactions Plastics, Fibers and Foods

2. Polymerization The formation of very large molecules from a number of smaller, REPEATING hydrocarbon molecules

3. Smaller MONOMERS are chained together by addition reactions or condensation

4. Let’s Remember… Addition Condensation

5. Large molecular chains are classified as macromolecules or polymers

6. Homopolymers – chains formed from repeating patterns of the same monomer Copolymers – chains containing more than 1 kind of monomer

7. Addition Polymerization Addition reactions are caused by the breaking of double bonds to form single bonds (leaving a bonding area open)

8. Example Use structural diagrams to show the polymerization of ethylene into polyethylene ethene  polyethylene

9. Polyethylene is used to make wire coverings, plastic milk jugs, refrigerator dishes and lab squirt bottles. Think about why this polymer is good for these purposes?!

10. Example 2 Use structural diagrams to show the polymerization of vinyl chloride into polyvinyl choride. chloroethene  PVC

11. Polyvinyl chloride or PVC (maybe you’ve heard of it?) is used in PVC piping, as well as raincoats and upholstery. Think about why this polymer is good for these purposes?!

12. Condensation Polymerization Monomers are joined by extracting a hydroxyl (OH) group from one molecule and a hydrogen from the other to create water and a bond

13. Polyesters condensation polymerization reactions between fatty alcohols and fatty carboxylic acids O OH + C-OH

14. Example (POLYESTERS) Polyester is created from 2 alternating monomers (forming a copolymer). One monomer (TEREPHTHALIC ACID) is benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (C6H4(COOH)2). The other monomer (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) is ethane-1,2-diol (C2H4(OH)2). Use structural diagrams to show the process of synthesizing polyester.

15. Polysaccharides Condensation polymerization reactions between carbohydrates (sugar molecules) H + O-H

16. Example 4 (POLYSACCHARIDE) In cellulose (the structural support of plants) glucose monomers (C6H12O6) are added to produce linear polymer chains that can align side by side (favoring interchain hydrogen bonding)

17. Polyamides Condensation polymerization reactions between an amine group and a carboxylic acid O NH2 + C-OH

18. Example 2 (POLYAMIDES) Proteins are fundamental structural materials in plants and animals. They consist of long chains of amino acids which are produced through a condensation reaction between a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amine (NH2). Use structural diagrams to show the process of synthesizing a dipeptide with glycine and alanine.

19. Example 3 (POLYAMIDES) Nylon is similar to a protein however it is the synthetic (man-made) protein of the peptide condensation polymerization between hexane-1,6-dioic acid and 1,6- diaminohexane. Use structural diagrams to show the process of synthesizing nylon.

20. Polymer Structure If the monomers that make up a polymer are polar, the macromolecule will be polar and therefore soluble in water

21. As the length of the polymer increases, strength and toughness of the chain increase and the melting and boiling points become higher