1. Bellringer  1. Alligators and other living organisms are __________ part of the environment  2. Water, soil, and other nonliving things are ________ parts of the environment  3.The first level of organization is the _________ organism  4. Two or more individuals of the same kind live together are a ________.  5. All the animals and plants that live in the same place are a ___________.

2. Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection

3. Living Things Need Energy  Producers: Organisms that use sunlight directly to make food.  To do this, most do a process called photosynthesis. grasses Trees plants

4. Living Things Need Energy  Consumers: Must eat producers or another consumer to get energy.  Herbivore- organisms that only eat plants  Carnivore- organisms that only eat meat  Omnivore- organisms that eat meat and plants  Scavenger- organisms that eat dead things

5. Weird Science Turkey vultures have an acute sense of smell. A biologist once put decaying carcasses in metal containers, hid the containers in California foothills, and used a fan to diffuse the odor. Turkey vultures were soon soaring overhead. Engineers once pumped ethyl mercaptan, which smells like rotting flesh, into natural-gas lines. They located leaks by watching for turkey vultures attracted to the pipeline! Scavenger

6. Misconception Alert The North American black bear and the grizzly are not carnivores. They are omnivores. Besides eating mammals and fish, both bears eat berries and roots. Black bears also eat pine cones, acorns, and insects. Grizzlies sometimes even eat grass.

8. Decomposers  Decomposers: Organisms that get their food by breaking down the remains of dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil. Fungi Bacteria Earthworms

9. Bellringer  Which of the following correctly describes the transfer of energy in an ecosystem? A. Energy is transferred from consumers to producers B. Energy is transferred from the sun to decomposers C. Energy is transferred from producers to consumers D. Energy is transferred from producers to the sun

10. Food Chain

11.  A food chain is a diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another.  Because few organisms eat just one kind of food, simple food chains are rare.

12. Food Web

13.  A food web is a diagram that shows the feeding relationship between organisms in an ecosystem.  Energy moves from one organism to the next in a one- way direction. Energy is stored in an organism’s tissue.  There are two main food webs: land food web and aquatic food web

14. Math and More There are 12,000 units of the sun’s energy available to grass at the base of an energy pyramid. Grass stores in its tissues 10 % of the available energy, so that energy becomes available to the next consumer, a rabbit. The rabbit, a consumer of grass, store 10% of the energy that was stored in the grass. A coyote, a consumer of rabbits, stores 10% of the energy that was stored by the rabbit. Calculate the units of food energy stored in the grass, the rabbit, and the coyote.

16. Energy Pyramid Draw an energy pyramid for a river ecosystem that contain four levels; aquatic plants,insect larvae, bluegill fish, and a largemouth bass. The plants obtain 10,000 units of energy from the sun. If each level uses 90% of the energy it receives from the previous level, how many units of energy are available to the bass?

17. Is That a Fact In 1989, the National Conservancy purchased 30,000 acres of grassland in Oklahoma. The conservancy’s goal is “the restoration of a functioning tall-grass prairie ecosystem”. The land has been grazed by cattle but never plowed; the restoration will allow the more than 700 prairie plant species to reestablish themselves. A healthy prairie is also home to 300 bird species, 80 mammal species, and hundreds of thousands of insect species. Biologists have reintroduced bison, whose grazing is an integral part of the prairie food web.

18. Wolves and the Energy Pyramid Gray wolves are a consumer species that can control the population of many species. Their diet ranges from lizards to elk.

19. Wolves and the Energy Pyramid  The wolves were almost wiped out with the settlement of the wilderness. This left species like the elk without control. That lead to overgrazing and starvation.

20. Wolves and the Energy Pyramid  Yellowstone National Park has helped restore the gray wolves.

21. Wolves and the Energy Pyramid Read 12-13  Describe how the Gray Wolf is a consumer.  What is the social structure of the Gray Wolf ?  How do Gray Wolves nurture their young?  Why are Gray Wolves needed in the Yellowstone food Web?

22. R ETURN OF THE W OLF After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs beneath the night skies of Yellowstone National Park.