1. Development of Global Networks 1450- 1750 CE

2. European Exploration Expands Factors that led Europeans to cross the Atlantic to the Americas: 1. Advances in technology 2. Religion 3. Trade

3. 1. Advances in European Technology Europeans benefited from trading with Asia in the previous era (600-1450 CE) – Spices and new technology: Shipbuilding, navigation tools The compass, more accurate maps, astrolabe (determines latitude), improved rudders and sails- all transferred from Asia- allow for long distance sailing

4. Early European Exploration

5. 2. European desire to spread Christianity Motivated by competition with Muslims, Western Europeans - Spain and Portugal- complete the “reconquista” (reconquering) of the Iberian Peninsula- sought to spread Christianity to new areas Changes in Christianity sparks motivation – Early 1500’s: Protestant reformation – Catholic Church feels threatened by both Muslims and Protestants  Push for evangelical missions

7. 3. Trade Europeans saw how the flow of silk, technology, an spices from Asia increased wealth in Europe tremendously. Triggered the Renaissance, and birth of major trading cities in Europe “New World”= new resources and new markets for trade

8. Spanish and Portuguese Trade

9. Why Western Europe, not Eastern Europe? Russia had no sea route to Asia- Arctic Circle Russia focused on expanding land instead European countries with Atlantic coastline had a supreme advantage- others had limited access to the sea and no funds for expensive trans-oceanic voyages

10. Why not China? Zheng He (!!!) – 15 th Century mariner, sends fleets of ships around the Indian Ocean to show off Chinese power and collected goods, plants, animals, and people from Africa and Asia. – Ming emperor decides voyages are too expensive, focus instead on building up defense internally – Once China leaves Africa and the Indian Ocean, Europeans move in to dominate trade and voyages

11. Why were Spain and Portugal first to cross into the Atlantic? Geography- Portugal and Spain have vast Atlantic coastlines and are close to Africa Spain succeeds in kicking out Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula- patriotic and religious fervor across Spain and Portugal Trade Routes: Portugal and Spain wanted to bypass the Italian control of trade between the East and West- begin search for an alternative route to Asia Around Africa= Portugal, Atlantic= Spain

12. Early European Explorers Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator rounds the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) in 1488 – Set up trading posts along the way, starts decades of Portuguese trading in the Indian Ocean 1492: Columbus sets out for India for “God, glory, gold”- “discovers” America instead 1498 Vasco de Gama sets up route to India for Portugal

13. Review: Columbian Exchange With a partner, explain the effect of the Columbian Exchange on: (chart or bullet points) Plants and Animals Diseases Migrations of People Religion Global Trade Networks Wealth

14. Continuities (1450-1750) RELIGION: Islam continued to spread- especially in Sub- Saharan Africa, East and South East Asia Buddhism continues to spread across Southeast Asia and into Central Asia Indigenous Religions continue despite Buddhist, Christian, and Muslim missionaries

15. Continuities (1450-1750) TRADE AND AGRICULTURE: Indian Ocean: trade among traditional participants (East Africa, South Asia, SE Asia) continues European merchants joined in when they cooperated with local rulers and cultures Volume of Atlantic World trade eventually surpasses Indian Ocean trade Most people around the world are still famers Changes in crops and agriculture as a result of the Columbian Exchange