1. LOGIC 102 lesson 04 Sh. Safdar Razi

2. The topic of the syllogism Arabic: maadaat ul-qadiyya Definition: It is the link that occurs and is understood from the syllogism or from other than the syllogism. The link (nisba) between the subject and predicate comes in 3 forms:

3. 3 forms: 1.Obligatory (wujoob)-in the positive. 2.Will not happen (imtinaa’)-in the negative. 3.Possibility (imkaan): a)Specific (imkaan khaas) - in the true or specific syllogism. b)General (imkaan ‘aam)

4. 1. Obligatory (al-wujoob) Is the positive (al-moojaba) syllogism. It is the obligation of affirming the predicate to the essence of the subject and its association to it in a way that does not allow its negation. Example: 4 is an even number.

5. Continued… And for the essence of the subject, it leaves what was associated to something outside of it. Example: –The motion of the moon. This is associative but not because of the essence of the subject, rather with respect to its position in its cosmos.

6. 2. Will not happen (imtinaa’) In the negative syllogism. This is where it is impossible to affirm the predicate to the essence of the subject. And so, we must negate the predicate from the subject. Example: 2 correlative (nageedhaan) to not meet in one place (in their essence they do not meet because there are things that may be taken away (salb) due to a condition or state of being).

7. Example An example of nageedhaan, 2 correlative: A sleeper does not think. - This is because he is sleeping, if he was awake he would be in a state of thought.

8. 3a. Specific Possibility Arabic: imakaan khaas This is used in the true or specific syllogism. Definition: –The confirmation of the predicate to the subject is neither affirmed or negated. –Therefore, the syllogism will accept the positive and negative. –Possible occurrence here means the necessity of occurrence is negated.

9. Continued… Example: –Human may exist or may not exist (mumkin alwujood and mumkin al-’adam). –A place is not imperitve (ie, its imperitiveness has been negated. Therefore, the imperitiveness of wujub and imtinaa’ have been removed).

10. 3b. General Possibility Arabic: imakaan ‘aam Definition: –Here only ONE of the two imperatives is negated – and the second is either: obligatory in occurrence or will not occur

11. 3b. Continued… Examples: 1.If we negate the imperativeness of the obligatory (wujoob ghayr daroorie) occurrence. Analysis & Application: I. negate obligatory occurrence ii. We are left with non-occurrence as either: a. obligatory or b. non-obligatory Result: Possible Negation/Non-occurence which is that it will not occur (imtinaa’)

12. Continued… 2. If we negate the imperativeness of it not occurring (imtinaa’): Analysis: non-occurrence is not imperative.

13. Application of rule: Application of rule: Non-occurrence is one of the 2 imperatives and it has been negated. Occurrence is the second imperative and is either: a. obligatory or b. not obligatory; I.e. it is possible in occurrence.

14. The Result: Result: Possible Occurrence (eejaab mumkin)

15. Conclusions Therefore… –if we say: something “may exist” (mumkin al-wujood), –Analysis & Application: a. Negate the imperativeness of existence (i.e., one of the 2 imperatives): “something will not exist.” b. The second is either: i. something will exist or ii. will not exist. –Result: The possibility of existence (imkaan ul- wujood).

16. Conclusions Therefore… –If we say: This thing “may not exist” (mumkin al-’adam) –Essentially: We have negated the imperativeness/necessity of the obligatory/necessary (wujoob/eejaab) –Result: Possibility of non-existence (imkaan al-’adam)

17. Q: How is this different from 3? A: This type of possibility of occurrence is more general than the previous Q: How so? A: Because only one of the two imperatives is negated/removed.

18. Example For example, if we say that something may exist (meaning non-occurrence is negated) this does not mean that it is non-imperative in existence. Why?

19. Because “General Possibility of Occurrence” (or may occur generally) includes both: 1.Possibility of occurrence 2. & imperativeness of occurrence The only thing is that obligation or Specific Possibility (wujoob/imkaan khaas) is not mentioned in this particular case.

20. Example Allah is the necessary existant –We can also say that Allah is the possible existent with respect to the General Possibility because in this case we have negated the possibility of unoccurence (imtinaa’). As for existence, it is Specific Possibility (mumkin khaas) or Obligatory therefore we do not address it.

21. Quiz 1.What are the 3 forms of the nisba of the topic the predicative syllogism. 2.Define each one. 3.Which form is the following syllogism: a)Allah is the necessary existant. b)A sleeper can not think. c)A human may or may not exist. d)The partner of Allah may not exist.