1. Chapter 11 The Roaring Twenties 1919-1929

2. 11-1 The Business of America *Main Idea- The government supported business and kept a hands-off policy in other matters Why It Matters Now- How involved the government should be in the economy remains an issue today.

3. Section Objectives 1)To summarize events of the Harding presidency 2)To analyze economic policies of the Coolidge administration 3)To describe U.S. foreign policy during the 1920s 4)To examine the changes resulting from technological advances

4. 1)Harding and the “Return to Normalcy” - *President Harding wanted to lift taxes and regulations from Americans - “Less government in business and more business in government” - Harding chose a pro-business cabinet - *Some of Harding’s cabinet choices were excellent, but some were under qualified/corrupt - The corrupt used their government positions to make money illegally - *Teapot Dome Scandal- Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall took bribes and made illegal deals with oil executives to drill on oil-rich government land

5. 2) Coolidge Takes Over - *Harding died and Calvin Coolidge became president - He moved quickly to try and clean up all the scandals - *Laissez Faire- theory that stated business, if unregulated, would act in a way that would benefit the nation - Under the Coolidge Administration Americans and business prospered - Coolidge believed that it was not the government’s job to help people with social and economic problems - *Isolationist- believed U.S. should stay out of other nations’ affairs except in self-defence - *Kellogg-Briand Pact- pact signed by 15 nations who pledged not to make war against each other except in self-defence

6. 3) Technology Changes American Life - *1920s government regulations were kept to a minimum and business flourished - *This time period was know as the Roaring Twenties - Average annual income grew 35% $522 to $716 - This gave Americans more money to spend on leisure activities - *Automobiles had greatest impact on life during the 1920s - Ford’s car cost $335 - *Assembly line- product moves along a conveyor belt across factory - Technology helped make goods faster and cost less - *Installment buying- to buy something by making small monthly payments

7. 4) The Air Age Begins - Former military pilots bought old war planes and worked as crop- dusters, stunt fliers, and flight instructors - In 1918 the Post Office started airmail service - *Commercial air transportation started in the 1920s - *Pan American Airlines became the first passenger airline - By the end of the decade, air travel was bringing cities closer together

8. 11-2 Changes in Society *Main Idea- Changes in society in the 1920s brought new attitudes and lifestyles but also caused divisions and conflict Why It Matters Now- Many of the social issues of the 1920s continue to challenge American society today.

9. Section Objectives 1)To identify changes in the roles of young people and women 2)To analyze how Prohibition led to lawlessness 3)To examine changes in the lifestyles of African Americans 4)To explain how the changes of the 1920s caused conflict in society

10. 1)Youth in the Roaring Twenties - Youth and their culture were celebrated - *Young people rebelled against past values/authority of elders - *Under-25 generation wanted fun/freedom - New Fashions, Attitudes, Ways of behaving - Stayed in school longer, more attend college, place to socialize - *Men - extra wide floppy pants, slicked hair - *Women - Shorter dresses, shorter hair - Charleston - Favorite dance of the time (wild flailing of arms/legs) - Dance marathons became the rage

12. 2) New Roles for Women - *Flapper - Bobbed hair, makeup, dresses cut just below the knee (symbol of 1920’s American woman) - *Took more active role in their life, more personal freedom - Drove cars, played sports, went to college, took jobs - *Attitudes towards marriage changed (viewed more as equal partnership) - 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote - Some ran for political office

13. 3) Prohibition and Lawlessness - *Prohibition - ban on manufacture/sale of alcohol (18th - Amendment - 1920) - *Supporters felt ban would promote morality/good health - *Many Americans did not see alcohol at harmful/sinful (felt resentful of government) - Illegal nightclubs (speakeasies) sold liquor - Bootleggers transported/sold liquor illegally - *Boom in organized crime (criminal gangs battled for control of bootlegging operations) - Al Capone - Ruthless crime boss in Chicago - Repealed by 21st Amendment in 1933 for failing

14. 4) Changes for African Americans - *1920’s brought major changes for African Americans - Great Migration - Jobs held during WWI raised expectations of better life - *In the North, AA gained some economic/political power - *Still faced discrimination - NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) - worked to make people aware of crimes against AA - Some AA lost faith in America - *Marcus Garvey - Founder of Universal Negro Improvement Association, called for AA to return to Africa to form own nation. - Few migrated to Africa, but Garvey set example for future movements

15. 5) A Divided Society - *Some groups felt threatened by changes in 1920’s (conflicts over ideas/values) - African Americans and whites - The native-born and immigrants - Urban and rural communities - Science and religion - *Fundamentalist - believed in literal, word for word interpretation of bible - Apposed to evolution taught in schools (still controversial today) - *Rebirth of Ku Klux Klan - influenced politics by using violence, called for racially/morally pure America - KKK’s power decreased by end of 1920’s because of personal/financial scandals

16. 11-3 The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance *Main Idea- Popular culture was influenced by the mass media, sports, and the contributions of African Americans Why It Matters Now- Much of today’s popular culture had its origins in this period

17. Section Objectives 1)To analyze characteristics of the popular culture of the 1920 2)To explain how sports figures became popular heroes 3)To identify the achievements of the Harlem Renaissance 4)To identify writers of the Lost Generation

18. 1)More Leisure Time for Americans - *Higher wages, labor saving appliances, shorter working hours gave Americans more time/money. - *Americans spent time going to movies, listening to radio, talking on telephone and driving cars. - Americans spent about $4 billion on entertainment - This was a 100% increase over the last decade - *African Americans/Hispanic Americans had limited choices by factors - income/race

19. 2) Mass Media and Popular Culture - *Mass Media - communications that reach a large audience - *Movies and radio provided entertainment/spread the lastest fashion/lifestyle trends - First commercial radio broadcast took place in Pittsburgh in 1920 - The number of radios in households went from 60,000 in 1922 to 10 million in 1929 - *Americans were now better informed. Listening to the same stations united the nation - Motion pictures gave people an escape into other worlds - *Popular Culture- included songs, dance, fashions, and slang expressions - Movies had no sound until 1927

20. 3) A Search for Heroes - *Watching/listening to sporting events was another leisure activity - *Sporting figures became heroes - restored Americans’ belief in the power of the individual to improve his or her life - Babe Ruth of the Yankees was baseball’s top home run hitter

21. 4) The Harlem Renaissance - Wartime military service and work in war industries gave African Americans a new sense of freedom - *Harlem Renaissance- flowering of African American artistic creativity during 1920s, centered in Harlem community of New York City - *The migrants from south brought a new kind of music called jazz - *Called a renaissance because it symbolized a rebirth of hope for African Americans

22. 5) The Lost Generation - *Lost Generation- the generation of the 1920s after World War I, who saw little hope of the future - Only one place offered them freedom and tolerance- Paris, France - *Expatriates- people who chose to live in a country other than their own - Ernest Hemingway was a young novelists that was an American expatriates living in Paris - Other novelists - F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis