2. Europe in 1812

3. The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

4. Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

5. Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

6. Key Principles Established at Vienna VGeneral Peace VEstablish peace that would keep from having another war VLegitimacy VThat lawful royal monarchs would be restored to their positions of power VCompensation eFrance did not have to pay reparations (though that slightly changed when Napoleon escaped from the island of Elba VGeneral Peace VEstablish peace that would keep from having another war VLegitimacy VThat lawful royal monarchs would be restored to their positions of power VCompensation eFrance did not have to pay reparations (though that slightly changed when Napoleon escaped from the island of Elba

7. VFrance was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon. VRestoration of the Bourbon dynasty VLouis XVIII VA Germanic Confederation of 38 independent+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. VAustria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. VPrussia received former French territory at the Rhine River VCongress System established VMember nations met periodically to maintain peace Changes Made at Vienna

8. The Germanic Confederation, 1815

9. Changes Made at Vienna VNorway and Sweden were joined. VThe neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. VBritain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. VSardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. VThe Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. VThe slave trade was condemned (at British urging). VFreedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

10. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

12. Conservatism: political philosophy based on tradition, social stability, obedience, and organized religion. Slow to change, sometimes even opposed to change Key word: conserve=conservatism

13. The idea was to “conserve” tradition and order to the country. Principle of interventions –The Great Powers had the right to send armies into countries to stop revolutions.

14. Definition: Liberalism promotes limited government in order to secure individual liberties. Political philosophy based on the enlightenment. The idea is to be as free as possible from government restraint Key word: liberties=liberalism.

15. Inspired by John Locke’s philosophy and the Enlightenment Enforces “laissez-faire” meaning as little government involvement as possible Demanded representative government, equality of the law, and freedom of speech. Wanted property qualifications attached to the right to vote. –Suffrage given to middle class men

16. sense of unity and togetherness based upon shared characteristics such as culture, historical characteristics, language, religion, geography and ethnicity.

17. Nationalism expressed a desire for nationalities to rule themselves.

18. Nationalism Origins in the French Revolution was a dangerous idea – could potentially upset the balance of power in Europe nationalism & liberalism worked together in the early 19 th century

19. Metternich was strong supporter of conservatism –believed that the American & French Revolutions (and liberalism) were responsible for a generation of bloodshed & suffering –issue in his own Austria? Austria was ethnically diverse – Germans, Magyars (Hungarians), Czechs, Italians, Poles, Ukrainians, Croats, Serbs, Romanians

20. The Revolutions of 1848 prelude to revolution –overthrow of Bourbon dynasty (France) in 1830 – the new king was Louis-Philippe (a member of the upper middle class) –Belgian independence (1830) –failed rebellions in Poland & Italy What role did liberalism & nationalism play in laying the foundation for these revolts? –Why were the people dissatisfied?