1. Chapter 11 & 12 Feeding the World & Nonrenewable Energy Review 2016

2. Multiple choice answers Chapter 12 1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.E 6.A 7.E 8.C 9.B 10.C Chapter 11 1. B 2.E 3.D 4.C 5.E 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.E 14.C 15.A

3. How does free range cattle grazing produce poor water quality?

4. How does cattle grazing produce poor water quality? Cows produce manure which can leach into the water and cause eutrophication. Cows also cause erosion by destroying river banks as they cross streams. Overgrazing can lead to erosion of topsoil.

5. Which has greater surface area, a 3 gram cube of pesticide (A) or 3 grams of powdered pesticide (B)?

6. Which has greater surface area, a 3 gram cube of pesticide (A) or 3 grams of powdered pesticide (B)? B

7. Which will react quickest in the environment, a 3 gram cube of pesticide (A) or 3 grams of powdered pesticide (B)?

8. Which will react quickest in the environment, a 3 gram cube of pesticide (A) or 3 grams of powdered pesticide (B)? B

9. What is the greatest threat to terrestrial plant and animal species?

10. What is the greatest threat to terrestrial plant and animal species? Habitat Loss

11. What is the Green Revolution in agriculture?

12. What is the Green Revolution in agriculture? The use of machines, fertilizers and pesticides to dramatically increase the amount of food being produced. Oil & natural gas are used to make the fertilizer and run the machinery.

13. What are some of the environmental consequences of the Green Revolution in agriculture?

14. What are some of the environmental consequences of the Green Revolution in agriculture? Less habitat and water available for wildlife, nitrogen runoff, pesticide contamination, reduction in biodiversity, use of fossil fuels leads to global warming, sulfur in air, mercury and lead bioaccumulation, soil degradation, soil erosion, fertilizer poisoning of wells, etc.

15. Calculate the energy subsidy to produce 3 pounds of pork.

16. Calculate the energy subsidy to produce 3 pounds of pork. 12 kw hours/pound x 3 pounds = 36 kwh.

17. List the two classifications of fertilizers.

18. List the two classifications of fertilizers. Natural and Synthetic

19. Which type of fertilizer do organic farmers use, natural or synthetic?

21. Look at the picture below and determine the type of agriculture (monocropping or intercropping and list some disadvantages:

22. Look at the picture below and determine the type of agriculture (monocropping or intercropping and list some disadvantages: soil erosion occurs when field is fallow, pests more likely to become established in a monocrop, loss of biodiversity.

23. What is the difference between a selective pesticide and a broad spectrum pesticide?

24. What is the difference between a selective pesticide and a broad spectrum pesticide? Selective pesticides target only one species while broad spectrum pesticides kill all species.

25. Which type of pesticide is most likely to last the longest?

26. Which type of pesticide is most likely to last the longest? Persistent

27. 1.The amount of DDT in an anchovy went from 2 micrograms to 6 micrograms. Calculate the percent change. 2.The amount of mercury in swordfish went from 16 parts per billion in 1950 to 12 parts per billion in 2010. Calculate the percent change.

29. 1.The amount of DDT in an anchovy went from 2 micrograms to 6 micrograms. Calculate the percent change. 6 micrograms – 2 micrograms = 4 micrograms. 4 micrograms/2 micrograms x 100 = 200% 2. The amount of mercury in swordfish went from 16 parts per billion in 1950 to 12 parts per billion in 2010. Calculate the percent change. 12 parts per billion – 16 parts per billion / 16 x 100 = -25%

30. What can a farmer do to get off the Pesticide Treadmill?

31. What can a farmer do to get off the Pesticide Treadmill? Intercropping, rotate crops, biological controls, IPM

32. What is a GMO and how is a GMO created?

33. What is a GMO and how is a GMO created? Genetically Modified Organism is created by inserting a gene from another organism. Be sure to know the positive and negative consequences of GMOs.

34. What makes industrial agriculture less sustainable than traditional agricultural practices?

35. Industrial agriculture uses more fossil fuels (a finite resource) which contribute to global warming/acid rain, nitrogen fertilizer run off, soil degradation, heavy pesticide use causes the evolution of resistant pests, heavy irrigation of desert areas leads to soil salinization.

36. Identify the farming practice pictured below. Name 2 negative externalities associated with this practice.

37. Identify the farming practice pictured below. Name 2 negative externalities associated with this practice. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations – lots of manure, some of which ends up in water ways and over use of antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

38. Name the concept illustrated below.

39. Name the concept illustrated below. biomagnification

40. What is the biggest threat to marine species?

41. What is the biggest threat to marine species? Over fishing

42. Define aquaculture and describe a positive environmental impact associated with this practice.

43. Define aquaculture and describe a positive environmental impact associated with this practice. Growing marine or freshwater organisms for consumption. May protect wild stocks from over fishing.

44. List some of the negative environmental impacts associated with the practice of aquaculture

45. List some of the negative environmental impacts associated with the practice of aquaculture 1. Eutrophication caused by fish waste that accumulates at the bottom of the estuary. 2. Since the animals live close together, diseases spread rapidly (density dependent factor) and can be passed on to the wild population (lice). 3. Antibiotics are used to control diseases which can lead to resistant bacteria. 4. Fish meal is made up of pelletized small fish which are caught by fishermen. This increases the energy subsidy, removes fish from trophic levels.

46. What requires a bigger energy subsidy, grain or beef? What requires more water to grow, a kilogram of beef or a kilogram of grain?

47. What requires a bigger energy subsidy, grain or beef? What requires more water to grow, a kilogram of beef or a kilogram of grain?

48. How is organic farming different from industrial farming?

49. How is organic farming different from industrial farming? No pesticides or synthetic fertilizers are used in organic farming.

50. What are some of the elements of an Integrated Pest Management Plan?

51. What are some of the elements of an Integrated Pest Management Plan? Find ways such as biological controls, planting various crops, letting the land go fallow to prevent the need to use more an more stronger insectisides.

52. Which is more expensive to buy, organic food or food produced in a highly mechanized farm?

53. Which is more expensive to buy, organic food or food produced in a highly mechanized farm? Organic food because it is more labor intensive and is done on a smaller scale.

54. How can you prevent the tragedy of the commons in fishing?

55. How can you prevent the tragedy of the commons in fishing? Use size or gear regulations, set ITQ to match MSY, use aquaculture, remove impediments to spawning such as dams for salmon, and only purchase fish that are not over exploited.

56. How are species raised in aquaculture different than wild species?

57. How are species raised in aquaculture different than wild species? Farm salmon are less genetically diverse, require more antibiotics, and are more prone to eutrophy their habitat.

58. Name 3 fossil fuels:

59. coal oil Natural gas

60. Why are these fossil fuels considered nonrenewable? coal oil Natural gas

61. Why are these fossil fuels considered nonrenewable? They are created at a rate slower than their use. coal oil Natural gas

62. Which fossil fuel is used the most to produce electricity in the U.S.? coal oil Natural gas

63. Which fossil fuel is used the most to produce electricity in the U.S.? coal

64. Nonrenewable resources, are they in finite supply or infinite supply?

65. Nonrenewable resources, are they in finite supply or infinite supply? It takes millions of years to make coal and oil so their supply is finite.

66. Give examples of commercial and subsistence energy resources.

67. Commercial EnergySubsistence Energy OilWood CoalDung Natural Gascharcoal Nuclear Power

68. What is cogeneration?

69. What is cogeneration? Use steam for heat and spinning a turbine to generate electricity at the same time

70. Look at the coal power plant diagrammed below. At what stages is energy lost as waste heat? Where is energy input required? A B C D E

71. Energy is required at A to get coal out of ground and at B to crush the coal. Waste heat is lost at C-E A B C D E

72. Which of the following modes of transportation is most efficient? Bus/train, car with 1 driver and no passengers, airplane, helicopter, race car

73. Which of the following modes of transportation is most efficient? Bus/train

74. Are fossil fuels a dense fuel or a non dense fuel?

75. Are fossil fuels a dense fuel or a non dense fuel? Dense

76. How many kilowatts (kw) in a megawatt (MW)?

77. How many kilowatts (kw) in a megawatt (MW)? 1,000

78. How many gigajoules (Gj) in an Exajoule (Ej)?

79. How many gigajoules (Gj) in an Exajoule (Ej)? 1 billion

80. List 4 externalities associated with coal power plants

81. List 4 externalities associated with coal power plants: coal ash contaminates water sources, sulfur in air, particulates in soot, release of trace metals (mercury, lead, arsenic bioaccumulate), soil degradation due to mining/ transportation. CO 2 released by mining equipment, habitat fragmentation

82. California produces 200 million barrels per year and the U.S. produces 2 billion barrels of oil per year. CA represents what percentage of the total amount of oil produced in the U.S.?

83. 200,000,000 barrels from CA divided by 2,000,000,000 barrels from U.S. = 0.1 = 10%

84. List the environmental costs associated with using natural gas as an energy source.

85. List the environmental costs associated with using natural gas as an energy source. Pipeline construction, habitat fragmentation, roads, release of methane, groundwater contamination from fracking

86. Name a benefit of using nuclear power.

87. Name a benefit of using nuclear power. No CO 2 is produced!

88. Name a disadvantage of using nuclear energy.

89. Name a disadvantage of using nuclear energy. Facility can explode, release radioactive material into the air, land and water, radioactive materials cause cancer and nuclear material is radioactive for a very long time (10 half lives).

90. How many half lives must pass before radioactive material is considered safe for the environment?

91. How many half lives must pass before radioactive material is considered safe for the environment? 10 half lives

92. Does nuclear power currently rely on fission or fusion?

94. A radioactive material has a half life of 500 years. What fraction of the parent material will remain after 2,000 years?

95. Half LifeYearsFraction of Parent material 001 1500½ 210001/4 315001/8 420001/16

96. Where are spent nuclear fuel rods and nuclear waste stored?

97. Where are spent nuclear fuel rods and nuclear waste stored? Most waste is stored on site, though eventually it will be transferred to a permanent site like Yucca Mountain, Nevada.

98. How are fossil fuels formed?

99. How are fossil fuels formed? Take millions of years for fossil fuels to form. Coal is the remains of plants that died in a swamp and were pressured and preserved. Oil forms from the decay of plankton and diatoms that were buried and pressurized.

100. What information can be learned form the Hubbert Curve?

101. What information can be learned form the Hubbert Curve? Predicts when oil production will peak and when oil supplies will be exhausted.

102. What type of power plant is shown below?

103. What type of power plant is shown below? Coal fired power plant

104. What would you expect to happen to the oxygen level in the river?

105. What would you expect to happen to the oxygen level in the river? O 2 level will decrease because of the hot water being pumped in from the power plant.

106. Why is the sequestration of carbon dioxide good for the environment?

107. Why is the sequestration of carbon dioxide good for the environment? CO 2 is a greenhouse gas that increases the temperature of the atmosphere. The sequester of CO 2 prevents temperatures from increasing. Higher temperatures could lead to species extinction and flooding.

108. 1 EJ = 1 billion GJ. The US uses 350 GJ per capita. What does per capita mean and how many EJ of energy does the US use per capita?

109. 1 EJ = 1 billion GJ. The US uses 350 GJ per capita. What does per capita mean and how many EJ of energy does the US use per capita? Per capita means per person. 350 GJ x 1 EJ = 0.00000035 EJ 1 billion GJ

110. Name the grades of coal in order of least energy per kg and least hard to most energy per kg and most hard.

112. Determine the type of power generation is shown below.

113. Determine the type of power generation is shown below. Nuclear Power Plant

114. Why have warm water creatures taken up residence near the AES Alamitos Natural Gas Power Plant on San Gabriel River? Green sea turtle, an endangered species, has taken up residence in the San Gabriel River. Green sea turtles prefer the warm water of Mexico.

115. Why have warm water creatures taken up residence near the AES Alamitos Natural Gas Power Plant on San Gabriel River? Power plants release warm water into the river. Green sea turtle, an endangered species, has taken up residence in the San Gabriel River. Green sea turtles prefer the warm water of Mexico.

116. A phone charger uses 5 watts and it takes 3 hours to charge a phone. If electricity costs $0.11 per kilowatt hour, how much does it cost to charge a phone 1000 times?

117. 5 watts x 3 hours x 1000 times x $0.11 x 1 kilowatt = $1.65 1 kilowatt hour 1000 watts

118. Using the table below, calculate the number of acres required to produce 1,000 gallons of oil in one year from microalgae and from soybeans.

119. Using the table to the right, calculate the # of acres required to produce 1,000 gallons of oil in one year from microalgae and from soybeans. Microalgae 10,000 gallons of oil = 1,000 gallons of oil 1 Acre of microalgae unknown 0.1 acres of microalgae. Soybeans 50 gallons of oil = 1000 gallons of oil = 1 acre of soybeans unknown 20 acres of soybeans. Gallons of Oil Per Acre per Year Corn20 Soybeans50 Safflower83 Sunflower102 Rapeseed115 Oil Palm640 Microalgae10,000

120. 5a. Amount of water the Cobb Family uses showering 4 people shower x 10 minutes x 5 gallons x 365 days = day shower per minute year 73,000 gallons per year

121. A family would like to make the most efficient energy choice possible in choosing between an electrical water heater or a gas water heater. Ignoring the amount of energy you need to put into the ground to extract or transport the energy, which heater should the family choose?

122. A family would like to make the most efficient energy choice possible in choosing between an electrical water heater or a gas water heater. Ignoring the amount of energy you need to put into the ground to extract or transport the energy, which heater should the family choose? Gas, because coal power plants are only 35% efficient and the transmission wires are only 90% efficient.

123. Which type of nonrenewable energy generation results in the most deaths? Which type of nonrenewable energy generation is feared the most?

124. Which type of nonrenewable energy generation results in the most deaths? Coal Which type of nonrenewable energy generation is feared the most? Nuclear