1. CHW 3M “The unexamined life is not worth living.” -SOCRATES

2. How can people find happiness? What makes some actions good and others bad? Is it better to obey the rules of society or to follow one’s own judgement? How can we be certain about what we know? If you have ever asked yourself these questions, then you have ventured in the world of philosophy

3. Debate over issues relating to personal conduct and morality Some philosophers focused on the world around them Hoped to discover laws and principles governing human behaviour and physical universe

4. Lived during height of Athenian power Well-known figure on streets of Athens Rolling walk, snub nose, shaggy eyebrows and bulging eyes Questioned most ideas that were generally accepted during his lifetime Managed to make enemies among leaders of Athens

5. When examining issues, employed a question-and- answer method He would pose question and student would respond Socrates would use logic to expose the flaws in the answer, the gaps in the student’s knowledge and the still-unanswered parts of the question Helped students to clarify thinking and sharpen reasoning skills Believed it was his mission to expose ignorance and lead people to truth “the life that is unexamined is not worth living”

6. “Strong minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss events, weak minds discuss people.” “I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.” “True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us.” “I know you won’t believe me, but the highest form of Human Excellence is to question oneself and others.”

8. Ask people simple questions about their beliefs Probe deeper and deeper into their assumptions, often making them look foolish as they recognized their errors

9. Believed in inner being or soul – a person’s moral and intellectual character – and believed the soul should strive for good One of his central concerns was moral behaviour and what constituted a “good life” Cast doubt on stories of gods, question motives behind people’s actions Seen as a critic of many accepted beliefs When he debated existence of gods and goddesses, the government charged him with atheism and sentenced him to death He chose death by poison, and drank hemlock

10. Pupil of Socrates Politics was one of his main interests His book The Republic explores the ideal state or government First book ever written on political science Established school called the Academy in 388 BCE where he taught philosophy and science

11. Suppose the following to be the state of affairs on board a ship...The captain is larger and stronger than any of the crew, but a bit deaf and short-sighted, and doesn’t know much about navigation. The crew are all quarrelling with each other about how to navigate this ship, each thinking he ought to be at the belm; they know no navigation and cannot say that anyone ever taught it them, or that they spent any time studying it; indeed they say it can’t be taught and are ready to murder anyone who says it can. They spend all their time milling round the captain and trying to get him to give them the wheel. If one faction is more successful than another, their rivals may kill them and throw them overboard, lay out the honest captain with drugs or drink, take control of the ship, help themselves to what’s on board, and behave as if they were on a drunken pleasure-cruise. Finally they reserve their admiration for the man who knows how to lend a hand in controlling the captain by force or by fraud; they praise his seamanship and navigation and knowledge of the sea and condemn everyone else as useless. They have no ideas that the true navigator must study the seasons of the year, the sky, the stars, the wind and other professional subjects. If he is to be really fit to control a ship. The Republic According to Plato, who should rule the state?

12. “Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws” “Wise men speak because they have something to say; Fools because they have to say something.” “Human behaviour flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge” “There will be no end to the trouble of states, or of humanity itself, till philosophers become kings in this world, or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers, and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands.” “One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors.”

13. Pupil of Plato’s Served in Macedonia for 7 years as tutor to Alexander the Great Established his own school in 323 BCE called the Lyceum Interested in philosophy, but primary interest was in biology Attention was to the observable world around him Collected samples of plants and animals and began to classify them according to their characteristics Basis of modern biology

14. A difficulty arises when we turn to consider what body of persons should be sovereign in the polis... Should the better sort of men have authority and be sovereign in all matters? In that case, the rest of the citizens will necessarily be debarred from honours, since they will not enjoy the honour of holding civil office. We speak of offices as honours; and when a single set of persons hold office permanently, the rest of the community must necessarily be debarred from all honours.... The people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best -... There is this to be said for the Many. Each of them by himself may not be of a good quality; but when they all come together it is possible that they may surpass – collectively and as a body, although not individually – the quality of the few best. The Politics - Aristotle

15. Contributed to field of science in another area Built on work of earlier Greek scientist, Thales of Miletus (636-546 BCE) who had developed the first two steps in what we know today as the scientific method Thales had identified Step 1: collecting information and Step 2: develop a hypothesis or possible explanation based on info collected Aristotle added Step 3: idea of testing hypothesis to see if it is correct

16. “It is the mark of an educated man to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.” “Some animals are cunning and evil-disposed, as the fox; others, as the dog, are fierce, friendly, and fawning. Some are gentle and easily tamed, as the elephant; some are susceptible of shame, and watchful, as the goose. Some are jealous and fond of ornament, as the peacock.” “All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit, reason, passion, desire.” “Those that know, do. Those that understand, teach.” “The whole is more than the sum of its parts.”

17. Thales of Miletus, one of the first mathematicians Discovered five geometric theorems including the theorem that the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal Knowledge of geometry helped improve navigation Used geometry to calculate the height of pyramids

18. Pythagoras of Samos (582-500 BCE), perhaps most famous Greek mathematician Studied pattern of numbers, often laying out pebbles on the sand Worked out intervals in musical scale Proved c 2 = a 2 + b 2

19. Euclid (365-300 BCE), famous mathematician from Hellenistic Age Wrote 13 books of geometry that teachers were still using as textbooks a hundred years ago His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid’s Elements

20. Archimedes (287 – 212 BCE) worked out the area of a circle by studying its diameter and circumference He proved that the circumference of a circle is approximately 3.142 times the length of its diameter and named the number pi after a Greek letter Also discovered that an object weighed less in water than it did out of water Calculated the difference in the object’s weight was exactly the same as the weight of the water the object displaced

21. Euclid and Archimedes were influenced by eastern thinkers Archimedes studied in Egypt (Alexandria) Euclid operated a school in that country Alexandria was a noted research centre, famous for its library Library was part of a larger research institution called the Museum of Alexandria where many of the most famous thinkers of the world studied Students travelled there to study literature, mathematics and astronomy Dedicated to the Muses – the 9 goddesses of the arts Famous for having been burned down

22. Gained much of their early knowledge from Egyptians Practice of medicine included great deal of spirituality Example: in shrine of Asclepius, god of healing, patients lay in corridor all night in hope that the god would appear in the form of a snake and lick the diseased parts of their bodies People who had been cured often left a model of the part of the body that had been cured as an offering to the god

23. During 5 th century BCE, approached to medicine changed Doctors took more scientific approach Learned more about herbs, drugs, ointments and began to study symptoms more carefully Believed that diet, exercise and patient’s comfort were all important components of healing process Doctors did not need a licence or medical degree They were judged by their successes and failures

24. Father of medicine Founded a medical school on island of Cos where he was born Wrote a great deal about the treatment of illness and responsibility of doctors Made important contributions to the diagnosis of illnesses such as quincy and epilepsy More famous for his ideas about scientific methods and medical ethics Established a rigorous scientific approach to medicine and set high standards of professional conduct for doctors For centuries, the Hippocratic oath has served as a code of conduct for medical graduates

25. Greeks made significant advances in astronomy and measurement of time Knew earth was round and that moon travelled around it Aristarchus (310 -230 BCE) formulated the view that the sun was the centre of the universe, not the earth, and that the earth travelled around the sun Greeks came remarkably close to length of the solar year They calculated it to be 365 days, 5 hours, 55 minutes and 12 seconds – only 6 minutes and 26 seconds longer than the true length

26. The astronomer Hipparchus (165-125 BCE) calculated that the moon took 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2.5 seconds to travel around the earth He was less than a second out in his calculations Greeks developed a luni-solar calendar that contained 354 days of 12 lunar months Each month began with the new moon To keep calendar in agreement with seasons, they added an extra month three times during every 8-year cycle 3 out of every 8 years contained 13 months Athenians, in 432 BCE, adopted a system of adding an extra month to 7 years in a 19-year cycle