2. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar simple sugars (monosaccharides) polysaccharide = chain of “rings” Ex: starch Energy molecules

3. Regents Biology sucrose disaccharide Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars, starches  cellulose (cell wall)  fiber, “wood”  chitin – insect exoskeleton glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

4. Regents Biology Simple Sugars = building blocks  Names for sugars usually end in  glucose  fructose  sucrose  maltose  lactose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose -ose

5. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates - Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two Dehydration synthesis – removing water to bond molecules together enzymes

6. Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  large carbohydrates 1. starch  energy storage in plants potatoes 2. glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles 3. cellulose  structure in plants cell walls 4. chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

7. Regents Biology Cellulose  Cell walls in plants  herbivores can digest cellulose well  most carnivores cannot digest cellulose  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage (fiber)  stays undigested  keeps material moving in your intestines

8. Regents Biology

9.  How can cows digest cellulose so well?  BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Eeeew… Chewing cud? Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet