1. How much makes it through the atmosphere

2. Why a seasonal variation? First, why do we have seasons? Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5° to the plane of its orbit

3. Why such a large seasonal variation In the Northern hemisphere, the sun’s rays fall more directly on the earth than in the winter. Heating is most efficient when the suns rays strike the surface ay 90° (right)angles. So a solar energy device should be oriented so that the sun’s rays hit it at right angles.

4. How is energy transferred Convection-Energy is carried by blobs of material that are moving in a medium for example -hot air rises, cold air sinks Conduction-energy transfer between two objects that are in contact Radiative transfer-energy transferred through the successive absorptions and emission of photons

5. Types of solar heating and cooling Active Use a fluid forced through a collector Need an external energy source to drive a pump Passive Design the structure to make use of the incident solar radiation for heating and cooling No external energy source

6. Active Solar heating Used for space and or water heating Flat plate collector system

7. Elements of a flat plate collector Cover (also called glazing) protects the system and keeps heat in. Absorber plate-absorbs solar energy. Usually made of a metal that is a good conductor of heat such as aluminum or copper and painted with a coating that helps absorb and retain the heat (black paint is the lowest order of these types of coatings) Insulation on the bottom and sides to reduce heat losses. Flow tubes –air or fluid to be heated flows though these tubes

8. How does this work? Cover is transparent to sunlight, so the light passes through the cover to the absorber. The absorber will absorb energy from the sunlight and then try to re-emit it to come into thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. But the absorber re-emits the energy at infrared wavelengths. Glass allows visible but not infrared radiation to pass through, so the energy emitted by the absorber is absorbed by the glass. The glass re-emits this energy to the outside air and back into the collector. The energy trapped in the collector heats the inside of the collector, and this energy is transferred to the air or fluid in the tubes via conduction

9. How does this work? The energy emitted from a hot surface is described by Stefan’s Law: P/A = εσT 4 Where ε is the emissivity (describes the degree to which a source emits radiation, ranges from 0 (no emission) to 1 (a perfect emitter) and σ is the Stephan-Boltzman constant = 5.67 x 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4. P/A is the power emitted per unit area, T is the temperature in Kelvin.

10. How does this work? The wavelength at which this energy is emitted from the surface is described by the Wien Displacement Law: λ max (μm)= 2898 T(K) This gives the wavelength at which an object emits the maximum amount of energy

11. Types of flat plate collectors Liquid flat-plate collectors heat liquid as it flows through tubes in or adjacent to the absorber plate. Often unglazed

12. Types of Flat plate collectors Air flat-plate collectors – used for solar space heating. The absorber plates in air collectors can be metal sheets, layers of screen, or non-metallic materials. The air flows past the absorber by using natural convection or a fan. air conducts heat much less readily than liquid does, less heat is transferred from an air collector's absorber than from a liquid collector's absorber, and air collectors are typically less efficient than liquid collectors

13. Types of Flat Plate Collectors Evacuated Tube collectors -usually made of parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin is covered with a coating that absorbs solar energy well, but which inhibits radiative heat loss. Air is removed, or evacuated, from the space between the two glass tubes to form a vacuum, which eliminates conductive and convective heat loss. Evacuated-tube collectors can achieve extremely high temperatures (170°F to 350°F), making them more appropriate for cooling applications and commercial and industrial application. However, evacuated- tube collectors are more expensive than flat- plate collectors, with unit area costs about twice that of flat-plate collectors.

14. Limitations Need a storage system for cloudy days and nights. Amount of solar energy that is usefully collected is 50%. To heat 100 gallons of water a day from a temperature of 50° to 120° you need a collector with a surface area of 112 square feet. That is one panel 9 ft x 14 ft. This would fill a good portion of our classroom Where do you put it? In the back yard, on the roof? Are there structural, aesthetic considerations? (Al Gore’s troubles with installing solar panels)

15. Cost effectiveness Assume a $5000 system Pays itself off in 27 years if replacing a natural gas or oil hot water heating system 14 years if replacing or supplementing electric hot water heating Between 1980 and 1985 there were tax credits for installing these systems. You could install one up to $10,000 at no personal cost. Similar credits have been reinstated in 2005 and in the stimulus package