1. Heat Transfer Chapter 22

2. Conduction Conduction – energy transfer from particle to particle within certain materials, or from one material to another when the two are in direct contact Conduction – energy transfer from particle to particle within certain materials, or from one material to another when the two are in direct contact Conductors – materials that conduct heat well Conductors – materials that conduct heat well Metals are the best conductors (silver, copper, aluminum, and iron) Metals are the best conductors (silver, copper, aluminum, and iron) Materials composed if atoms with “loose” outer electrons are good conductors of heat Materials composed if atoms with “loose” outer electrons are good conductors of heat Insulators – materials which delay the transfer of heat (wood, wool, straw, paper, cork, and Styrofoam) Insulators – materials which delay the transfer of heat (wood, wool, straw, paper, cork, and Styrofoam) Cold is simply the absence of heat, only heat is transferred through a conductor or insulator Cold is simply the absence of heat, only heat is transferred through a conductor or insulator

3. Convection Convection – a means of heat transfer by movement of the heated substance itself, such as by currents in a fluid Convection – a means of heat transfer by movement of the heated substance itself, such as by currents in a fluid Convection occurs in all fluids, whether liquid or gas Convection occurs in all fluids, whether liquid or gas Convection is occurring all around you, the atmosphere, the ocean, Earth, the sun! Convection is occurring all around you, the atmosphere, the ocean, Earth, the sun! As warm air rises, it expands and cools As warm air rises, it expands and cools When the air has been cooled, it will sink back down again and warm up … When the air has been cooled, it will sink back down again and warm up …

4. Convection

5. Radiation Radiation – Energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves (i.e. the sun) Radiation – Energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves (i.e. the sun) Radiant Energy – any energy, including heat, that is transmitted by radiation Radiant Energy – any energy, including heat, that is transmitted by radiation All objects continually emit radiant energy in a mixture of wavelengths All objects continually emit radiant energy in a mixture of wavelengths The lower the temperature, the longer the wavelength The lower the temperature, the longer the wavelength

6. Three Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

7. Absorption of Radiant Energy Absorption and reflection are opposite processes, a good absorber of radiant energy will reflect only a little amount of radiant energy Absorption and reflection are opposite processes, a good absorber of radiant energy will reflect only a little amount of radiant energy A perfect absorber will reflect no radiant energy and appear black A perfect absorber will reflect no radiant energy and appear black Good reflectors are poor absorbers of radiant energy Good reflectors are poor absorbers of radiant energy

8. Emission of Radiant Energy Good absorbers are also good emitters; poor absorbers are poor emitters Good absorbers are also good emitters; poor absorbers are poor emitters If a good absorber was not also a good emitter, then black objects would remain warmer than lighter colored objects and never come to thermal equilibrium with them If a good absorber was not also a good emitter, then black objects would remain warmer than lighter colored objects and never come to thermal equilibrium with them Each object is emitting as much energy as it is absorbing Each object is emitting as much energy as it is absorbing

9. Absorption and Emission of Radiant Energy

10. Newton’s Law of Cooling The rate of cooling of an object depends on how much hotter the object is than the surroundings The rate of cooling of an object depends on how much hotter the object is than the surroundings The rate of cooling of an object – whether by conduction, convection, or radiation – is approximately proportional to the temperature difference ΔT between the object and its surroundings Rate of cooling ~ ΔT Newton’s law of cooling also holds for heating Newton’s law of cooling also holds for heating

11. Global Warming Greenhouse Effect – The warming effect whose cause is that short-wavelength radiant energy from the sun can enter the atmosphere and be absorbed by Earth more easily than long- wavelength energy from Earth can leave Greenhouse Effect – The warming effect whose cause is that short-wavelength radiant energy from the sun can enter the atmosphere and be absorbed by Earth more easily than long- wavelength energy from Earth can leave Earth absorbs the energy from the sun through the atmosphere Earth absorbs the energy from the sun through the atmosphere As the atmosphere gets thicker from carbon dioxide, it will not allow as much energy to escape into space As the atmosphere gets thicker from carbon dioxide, it will not allow as much energy to escape into space Terrestrial Radiation – Energy that Earth radiates Terrestrial Radiation – Energy that Earth radiates

12. The Greenhouse Effect

13. Assignment Read Chapter 22 (pg. 325-336) Read Chapter 22 (pg. 325-336) Do Chapter 22 #21-30 (pg. 338) Do Chapter 22 #21-30 (pg. 338) Do Appendix F #1-2 (pg. 681) Do Appendix F #1-2 (pg. 681)