2. LACEMOP Factors that Shape Weather

3. Weather & Climate Weather : a condition of the atmosphere in one place during a short period of time Climate : weather patterns typical for an area over a long period of time

4. Latitude The influence of latitude on climate is part of the Earth-Sun Relationship  The sun’s direct rays fall upon Earth in a regular pattern  This pattern correlates w/ Latitude Zones  Within each zone, the climate follows general patterns

5. CLIMATE ZONES

6. VEGITATION ZONES

7. Earth-Sun Relationships

8. Air Masses Air masses take on the “weather” of the place from which they came. -a front — most weather changes are caused by these. -Convectional Precipitation: - Typical of hot climates - Convection occurs after morning sunshine heats warm, moist air. Clouds form in the afternoon and the rain falls.

9. Fontal Precipitation — when 2 fronts of different temperatures meet. Warm air forced upward by heavier, cool air. Rising warm air cools = precipitation Most common type

11. Continentality Large bodies of water have a moderating effect on land temperatures. Why? Land and water absorb and store energy at different rates. Land changes quickly — water more slowly. Opposite air blows off the water and moderates land temperature.

14. Elevation -The earth’s atmosphere thins as altitude increases. Thus: as elevation increases, temperature decreases ~ b/c thinner air retains less heat. - Even in sunny places, mountains are cold, snowy places year-round.

15. Mountain Barriers Can block air masses & cause precipitation.

17. Mountain Barriers Orographic Precipitation : warm moist air forced upward when passing over a mountain. Warm winds cool as they rise over the mountains and clouds form. Windward : mountain side which faces the ocean Leeward : mountain side which is in a “rain shadow” (no precipitation received) Air is warm and dry on the Leeward side

18. Ocean Currents Help to distribute heat Carry warm water from tropics to poles and return cold water to the Equator Winds affect current movement Air masses take on water temperature

20. Winds blow in constant patterns and are called prevailing winds. Historical Fact: Historical Fact: Many were named for the direction they blew…some were even given names because they were used by trading ships through the region…

21. Doldrums: windless area near the equator Horse Latitudes: Historically, in order to take advantage of the slightest wind ships would lighten their loads - such as cargo, excess supplies and livestock…this also included horses.

23. Trade winds -- blow from the northeast toward the Equator and from the southeast toward the equator Wind Patterns

24. Westerlies – prevailing winds in the mid-latitudes blow diagonally west to east Wind Patterns

25. Polar Easterlies – blow diagonally in the high latitudes east to west—pushing the cold air toward the mid latitudes Wind Patterns

26. Pressure & Wind Wind moves high to low Movement from equator to poles and back Rising warm air = low pressure Falling cool air = high pressure

27. Wind Patterns Coriolis Effect: rotation of the earth bends the patterns of the wind

32. Low-Latitudes The Tropics between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn parts of this area receive direct rays of sun all year long! have warm to hot climates

33. High-Latitudes The earth’s polar areas When northern or southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the poles receive continuous, but indirect, sunlight.

34. High-Latitudes March 20 th to about September 23 rd - the area north of the Arctic Circle experiences continuous daylight or twilight. September 24 th to about March 19 th - the area south of the Antarctic Circle experiences continuous daylight or twilight.

35. Mid-Latitudes Northern Hemisphere - between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer Southern Hemisphere – between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn The most variable weather on Earth is found here.

36. Mid-Latitudes Climate – ranges from fairly hot to fairly cold – with dramatic seasonal changes. Summer – receives warm masses of air from the Tropics Winter – receives cold masses of air from the high latitudes