1. Periodization Acronyms for FRQ’s “DARTH CRATER CONVERTS GERMS TO IRS MEN W/ RAD CAPES.”

2. D.A.R.T.H = 8000-600 BCE Domestication – plants such as wheat, animals such as goats Agriculture – leads to patriarchy, higher pop., disease River Valleys – such as Indus & Nile Trans-regional trade & Technology – Mesopotamia traded w/ Indus; tech such as plows, money (coins), wheel, pottery Hittites & Iron – conquer Mesopotamia

3. C.R.A.T.E.R. = 600 BCE - 600 CE Classical civs ex. Qin/Han, Mauryan/Gupta, Greece/Rome, Persia Religions/philosophies ex. Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism & caste system Art & technology ex. Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts, roads, paper Trade networks ex. Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans- Saharan Exchange of disease ex. smallpox & measles from India to China & Rome Rome, Han, & Gupta invaded by Huns and other barbarians

4. C.O.N.V.E.R.T.S.= 600 – 1450 Chinese dynasties: Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming. Oceangoing trade increases due to new technology such as the compass, dhows, junks, and lateen sails. New contacts created by the Mongols spread technology, such as gunpowder, & disease, such as plague, from East to West. Vikings and other barbarians invade Western Europe leading to feudalism Eastern Europe and Anatolia were ruled by the Byzantine Empire. Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread across cultures and create new rivalries, ex. Crusades. Tribute empires included the Mongols, China, Aztecs, and Incas Societies continue to be aristocratic, patriarchal, & agricultural

5. G.E.R.M.S. = 1450-1750 Gunpowder Empires – used cannon technology to gain territory such as Mughals & Ottomans Exchange & Exploration – Western Europeans, led by Portugal, explored new routes to Asia leading to the Columbian Exchange. Renaissance & Reformation – characterized by advancements in art, literature, and science as well as a division of Europe into a Protestant north and a Catholic south. Ming Dynasty – last ethnically Chinese dynasty, noted for the voyages of Zheng-He and Neo-Confucianism. Silver-Sugar-Slavery-Spices – the primary products traded during the period between all regions, Western Europeans served as “middlemen”.

6. T.O. I.R.S. M.E.N. = 1750-1914 Technology – such as the steam engine & Maxim Machine Gun Opium Wars – Britain takes Hong Kong Industrialization (& Imperialism) – starts in Great Britain Revolutions – such as the American, French, & Haitian Revs. are inspired by the Enlightenment Scramble for Africa – Berlin Conference divides up Africa for Western Europe Meiji Restoration – Japan rapidly modernizes by copying Western political & economic systems Emancipation – slavery and serfdom are ended Nationalism – pulls countries together and breaks empires up into nation-states

7. W/ R.A.D. C.A.P.E.S. = 1914 to Present World Wars 1 & 2 shatter Western Europe’s power and leave US and USSR superpowers Russian Revolution leads to Soviet Union & other communist countries Apartheid in South Africa 1948-1994 Decolonization ends European imperialism Cold War between US & USSR Alliances such as NATO & Warsaw Pact Partitions of land such as India & Pakistan, North & South Korea, Palestine & Israel Empires end, such as Austria-Hungary & Ottomans Suffrage for women in most countries came after WWI