1. Eras of World History Using the GeoHistoGram Goals:
Introduce Students to the GeoHistoGram
Connect the Era titles to significant events

2. Eras of World History Using the GeoHistoGram
The history of the world has been divided into eras to help organize the information.
Each of the eras has been named to help define the events during that time.
We will use the GeoHistoGram to look at both the dates and the areas to get a basic understanding of the history of our world.

3. The GeoHistoGram shows both time (chronology) and place (region)
(Teachers will need to explain the timeline and the location grid of the GHG.)
The distance between years gets progressively longer as the time moves up (closer to the present)
The continents are labeled at the top. Note that Africa is between Europe and Asia, although on a map it is south of both.

4. The GeoHistoGram This is the basic form of the GeoHistoGram –
seven vertical bars.
Space goes across the diagram,
from west on the left
to east on the right.
Space goes across the diagram,
from west on the left
to east on the right.

5. The GeoHistoGram Time goes up the side, .
from the distant past on the bottom
to the present at the top. .
Each curve in each bar
represents 1000 years
of history in that region.

6. The GeoHistoGram Here is a simple use of the GeoHistoGram:
to show ancient empires
in Mesopotamia.
(before the Common Era,
and roughly in the middle
of the world’s land).
The bars represent
major world regions,
from the Americas in the west
to Polynesia in the east.
The bars represent
major world regions,
from the Americas in the west
to Polynesia in the east.

7. The GeoHistoGram Adding a shape in northeast Africa can show how Egypt
By varying the width
of the empire “blob”,
you can show how
its power expanded
at different times.
Adding a shape
in northeast Africa
can show how Egypt
lasted a long time but
varied in importance.

8. Some words you need to know:
The GeoHistoGram
Some words you need to know:
Era: a period of time
Migration: the act or process of moving from one region or country to another
Pastoral: herding or keeping animals for food, transportation, etc.
Agriculture: farming; cultivating the land, producing crops, and raising livestock
Empire: lands, a group of nations, territories, or people ruled by a single authority.
Civilization: a highly developed society: with a high level of culture and social organization
Colonization: to establish a colony in another country or place
Revolution: a dramatic change in ideas or practice
Imperialism: the policy of extending the rule or influence of a country over other countries or colonies
Nationalism: excessive devotion to a nation and its interests, often associated with a belief that one country is superior to all others

9. GeoHistoGram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The first era is “Beginnings of Human Society” (Beginning to 4,000 BCE)
Students should draw a line at 4000 BCE
The “Beginning” was about 200,000 years ago!

10. Beginnings of Human Society
The first humans migrated out of Africa and had populated most areas of the world by 10,000 BCE
Why do you think humans migrated out of Africa?
How did people survive?
By the end of this era, humans had learned to herd animals and plant crops. This was a major lifestyle change and led to permanent settlements.
Era 1:
Beginnings of Human Society
Pre-history - Homo sapiens spread across the world

11. GeoHistogram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The second era is “Early civilizations and Cultures and the Emergence of Pastoral People” (4000 – 1000 BCE)
Students should draw a line at 1000 BCE
What is a “civilization”?
What are “pastoral people”?

12. Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
What does Pastoral mean?
The first settlements occurred in areas where agriculture was possible, namely river valleys. What rivers were located in these areas?
The Fertile Crescent
Tigris and Euphrates
Egypt
Nile
India
Indus
China
Huang He
Era 2:
Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

13. Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Having a stable food supply allowed some people in the settlements to have other jobs. This division of labor led to the development of civilizations.
Some elements of civilization include the development of
cities
art
specialized jobs
religion
communication
laws
Era 2:
Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

14. Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
These are the names of the civilizations that began during this era in these regions:
Africa
Middle East
Central Asia
East Asia
The size of the colored shapes show the growth and extent of each one.
Which one did not continue to grow into the next era?
Era 2:
Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

15. GeoHistogram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The third era is “Classical Traditions, World Religions, and Major Empires” (1000 BCE to 300 CE)
What are the major “classical” civilizations?
What “world religions” were predominant?
What “major empires” developed?

16. Classical Traditions and Major Empires
With the rise of civilizations and development of new technology, trade helped spread ideas.
In East Asia, the Qin Dynasty united a territory which is now ___??____, the most populous country in the world.
China
Growing civilizations, needing more land and resources, used force to expand, and became empires.
Era 3:
Classical Traditions and Major Empires
These are the two large (classical) European empires that characterize this era.
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
What famous Greek leader conquered Egypt and advanced into Central Asia?
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

17. Classical Traditions and Major Empires
Empires grew by conquering people of many cultures. World Religions, like Buddhism and Hinduism, also spread.
Other large empires ruled during this era. Where are each of them located?
Persia?
Middle East
Mauryan?
India
Han
Asia
Era 3:
Classical Traditions and Major Empires
What was the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere?
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

18. GeoHistoGram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The fourth era is “Expanding and Intensified Hemispheric Interactions” ( CE)
What do “expanding” and “intensifying” mean?
What “hemispheric interactions” took place?

19. Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
Empires expanded during this era:
The eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire, but had many enemies. What does its shape tell you?
By about 700 CE, what dynasty in Asia had expanded westward?
Era 4:
Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
Islam spread by both trade routes and conquering armies into north Africa and central Asia.
Era 3: Classical Traditions and Major Empires
What was the major trade route connecting China to Europe?
Mongols conquered both Chinese and Muslim empires and spread into Europe.
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

20. Empires expanded during this era:
In West Africa, what two empires became wealthy through trade?
The Plague spread across Europe killing a quarter of the population.
How is this shown on the GeoHistoGram?
Era 4:
Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
Marco Polo sparked a new interest in trade with China.
Era 3: Classical Traditions and Major Empires
What effect did the demand for products from Asia have on Europeans?
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
See Era 5!
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

21. GeoHistoGram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The fifth era is “Emergence of the First Global Age” (15th to 18th Centuries)
What is a “global age”?

22. Emergence of 1st Global Age
What important event marks the beginning of this era?
Era 5:
Emergence of 1st Global Age
The ability to navigate the ocean caused many changes in trade and power.
Columbia Exchange was an important trading system between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
Era 4: Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
What 3 regions were involved?
What was exchanged?
Era 3: Classical Traditions and Major Empires
European Colonialism starts in this era.
What color shows its spread?
Which direction did it spread?
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
What other Empire expanded its power during this era?
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

23. GeoHistoGram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The sixth era is “Global Revolutions” (Late 1700’s through 1914)
What is a “global revolution”?

24. Age of Global Revolutions
Era 6:
Age of Global Revolutions
Explain the saying “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”
Era 5: Emergence of 1st Global Age
During this era, revolutions freed many colonies from their European conquerors or feudal leaders.
American
Latin American
Era 4: Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
French
Chinese
Russian
As the Ottoman Empire declined, Europe’s power increased.
Era 3: Classical Traditions and Major Empires
Many changes occurred including an increase in world migration and industrialization. Nationalism and imperialism grew in Europe, Asia, and America.
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

25. GeoHistoGram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The seventh era is “Global Crisis and Achievement” ( )
What is a “global age”?

26. Global Crisis and Achievement Era 6: Age of Global Revolutions
Increasing government, economic and political power changed the global balance of power.
Era 5: Emergence of 1st Global Age
Two World Wars occurred as well as mass genocide in several regions.
Era 4: Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
What major event ended WW II?
Important advances were made in technology, medicine and communications during this era.
Era 3: Classical Traditions and Major Empires
What countries emerged as super-powers?
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

27. GeoHistoGram Activities
Mark the Eras on the Geohistogram  
The eighth era is “The Cold War and Its Aftermath: The 20th Century since 1945”
What was the “Cold War”?

28. Era 6: Age of Global Revolutions
Cold War and Aftermath
Era 7: Global Crisis and Achievement
Era 6: Age of Global Revolutions
The Cold War was a conflict between democracy and communism.
Era 5: Emergence of 1st Global Age
What two countries were the leaders in this “war”?
Era 4: Expanding Hemispheric Interactions
Some “hot spots” caused mounting tension, and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam became major clashes.
One of the fears that surfaced was the threat of nuclear war.
Era 3: Classical Traditions and Major Empires
What event signified the end of the “Cold War”?
Era 2: Early Civilizations and Emergence of Pastoral Peoples
Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society

29. GeoHistoGram Activities
What might the next era be called? How long will it last?