1. Georgia

2.
Evaluate impact of Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank case, and the county unit system had on Georgia.
B. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence.
C. Explain roles of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, Lugenia Burns Hope, John Burns, and Alonzo Herndon.
D. Explain reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s contributions.

3. Evaluate impact of Bourbon Triumvirate on Georgia
Joseph E. Brown
John B. Gordon
Alfred H. Colquitt
The Bourbon Triumvirate was a group of three politicians who dominated Georgia politics for over 20 years. Key figures during the Civil War, these men rotated positions as governor and U.S. Senator from the 1870s to 1890s.
They held a common interest in developing the railroad and mining industries in Georgia, serving the interests of those men who were part of the old antebellum planter class.
All three men were white supremacists who took advantage of the convict lease system. Their power waned with the ideals of the Populist Party and New Democrats increased.

4. Impact on Georgia Helped carry Georgia through economic reconstruction
Positive Impact
Criticisms
Helped carry Georgia through economic reconstruction
Lowered taxes
Reduced war debts
Expanded business and industry
Did little to help the poor
Did not improve public education
Did not help reform factory working conditions
Ignored mental health hospitals
Did not care for lives of convicts
Personally profited from convict lease system.

5. The Convict Lease System
During the Civil War prisons were destroyed
After the War, lack of jobs led to crime
What was the state to do with increase of prison population? (90% were black)
One solution was the Convict Lease System

6. (6)Convict Lease System
Prisoners were leased out to people who would provide them with housing and food in exchange for labor.
Benefits
Criticisms
The state did not have to support the cost of prisoners
Initially, prisoners completed public works projects
Companies profited and did not care for the convicts adequately
Some prisoners were worked to death
Paid laborers lost out on jobs
Increased the large number of poor and unemployed.

7. Henry W. Grady—Visionary & Writer
Dynamic writer and speaker
As managing editor of the Atlanta Journal, Grady continually used the newspaper as a stage to promote his views of “The New South.”

8. International Cotton Exposition
Between 1881 and 1895, Atlanta was host to three expositions.
Focused on promoting Atlanta’s industrial capabilities and accomplishments and designed to lure Northern investment into region.
Effective in displaying Atlanta’s “rise from the ashes.”
Helped establish Atlanta as leading city of the South
Brought THOUSANDS of jobs & millions of dollars to region.
The first two were heavily promoted by Henry W. Grady.

9. Booker T. Washington—Speech at International Cotton Exposition
On September 18, 1895, Booker T. Washington spoke before a predominantly white audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. Although the organizers of the exposition worried that “public sentiment was not prepared for such an advanced step,” they decided that inviting a black speaker would impress Northern visitors with the evidence of racial progress in the South. Washington soothed his listeners’ concerns by claiming that his race would content itself with living “by the productions of our hands.” (History Matters)

10. Populist Party-1891 Reforms included: 8 hour work day
“Supporting rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite.”
Organizations include:
Farmers Alliance & The Grange
Attempted to elect a U.S. president
Reforms included:
8 hour work day
Graduated income tax
Restrictions on immigration
Government ownership of railroads, telephones and telegraph services
Direct election of U.S. Senators
Reduction of tariffs
Government printed ballots in sealed boxes

11. Evaluate impact of Tom Watson
One of the most controversial figures in Georgia history.
Early in his career he was concerned with supporting tenant farmers.
Fought to end convict lease system.
Condemned lynching but by end of life he was a fervent white supremacist and targeted Blacks, Catholics and Jews in his writings.
Introduced RFD bill to Congress

12. Rebecca Latimer Felton-Social Reformer
Graduate of Madison Female College
Helped her husband’s political career
Independent Democrat who battled against the Bourbon Triumvirate
Worked to abolish convict lease system
Worked towards prohibition
Active Suffragist
Wrote a column for the Atlanta Journal
Progressive Political activist
First female senator in U.S. history (symbolic…two days)

13. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot September 22-24, 1906
Four false accounts of attacks on white women published in newspapers prompted a group of unemployed whites, fearful of the changing social order and threatened by successful African American business leaders, to target Crystal Palace and other black run businesses.
The mob killed two barbers and beat several men to death on street cars.
The Georgia militia was called in. Blacks armed themselves in defense and some fought off attackers but fighting continued.
A bi-racial committee came together to end the riot.

14. Leo Frank Case
Leo M. Frank, a Jewish man from New York and manager of the National Pencil Company, was accused of murdering 14 year old Mary Phagan, an employee.

15. 1986 Pardon…
“Without attempting to address the question of guilt or innocence, and in recognition of the State's failure to protect the person of Leo M. Frank and thereby preserve his opportunity for continued legal appeal of his conviction, and in recognition of the State's failure to bring his killers to justice, and as an effort to heal old wounds, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, in compliance with its Constitutional and statutory authority, hereby grants to Leo M. Frank a Pardon.” --Georgia State Board of Pardons and Parole

16. County Unit System- not 1 man, 1 vote
Instituted in 1917, this system enabled rural, less populated counties to wield more political power than to urban ones when unified.
Due to the fact that Georgia was solidly Democratic, candidates who won the primary were guaranteed to win the election.
Under system, Georgia’s 159 counties were divided into three categories and allotted specific number of “unit votes.”
8 urban counties allotted 6 unit votes
30 town counties allotted 4 votes
121 rural counties allotted two unit votes

17. Impact of county unit
Urban
Town
Rural
When the rural counties voted as a block, they had more power than the more populous urban centers.
This system was declared unconstitutional in 1962
If we had this system today, this is what it would look like.

18. B.
Analyze how rights were denied to African Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence.

19. Jim Crow Laws
After the Civil War ( ), most southern states and, later, border states passed laws that denied blacks basic human rights. It is not clear how, but the minstrel character's name "Jim Crow" became a kind of shorthand for the laws, customs and etiquette that segregated and demeaned African Americans primarily from the 1870s to the 1960s.

20. Plessy v.s. Ferguson

21. Disenfranchisement
Due to the lack of enforcement by the federal government, Southern states passed laws that prevented blacks (and poor whites) from voting.
1. Poll Taxes
2. Grandfather Clause
3. Literacy Tests
4. White Primary—did not allow blacks to vote in the primary (where most major decisions took place.)

22. Topic Georgia State Law Impact on citizens
Unpaid Taxes
Any unpaid taxes…no voting.
Tenant farmers / sharecroppers often had unpaid taxes and hence were prevented from voting.
The Poll Tax
$1 annual tax to be a voter.
Poor people prevented from voting
White Primaries
Only whites could vote in primary elections.
All candidates were white.
Literacy Tests
All voters had to pass a literacy test.
Illiterate prevented from voting.
Possible Exemptions From Literacy Tests
Descendants of Confederate soldiers…no test.
Few Confederates of African American heritage and hence Blacks hindered from exemption but many whites allowed to vote.
Owners of 40+ acres…no test.
Most blacks didn’t own land in the South.
If a poll worker vouched for your character…no test.
All poll workers were white and they’d be more likely to exempt whites than blacks.

23. Racial Violence Rampant
1906 White Riot was one of the largest demonstrations of violence. However,
Over 400 lynchings happened in Georgia from (Often orchestrated by members of the KKK who were community members/leaders.)
Some prominent Georgians promoted racial violence as a necessary means. (Tom Watson & Rebecca L. Felton)

24. It’s an ugly part of our history in Georgia that cannot be ignored.

25. Booker T. Washington--Civil Rights Leader
Educated at Hampton Institute
President of Tuskegee Institute
Founder of National Negro Business League
Advisor to presidents Roosevelt and Taft
Believed economic independence was the only road to social and political equality
Gave “Atlanta Compromise Speech” at the Cotton Exposition
Believed blacks and whites should benefit from one another
“Cast down your buckets where you are...
“In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” 

26. W.E.B. DuBois--Educator 1868-1963 Educated at Harvard
Believed in “Talented Tenth” higher education for the top 10% of African American population who could then become leaders for all other African Americans
Sociologist, writer & activist
Published Souls of Black Folk
Founding officer of NAACP
Editor of NAACP magazine
Taught at Wilberforce Univ.
Taught at Atlanta University
Atlanta University professor of Economics and Political Science
Died in Ghana while working on Encyclopedia Africana

27. Lugenia Burns Hope—Civic Leader
Civic leader
Organized Neighborhood Union, which offered vocational classes for children, a health center and clubs for boys and girls.
Helped provide financial aid for needy families
Pressured city leaders to improve roads, lighting, and sanitation in black communities.
Became Special Secretary for the YWCA War Work Council
Appointed to Hoover’s Colored Advisory Commission
Became first vice president of the NAACP Atlanta chapter

28. John Burns—Social Reformer
B.A. from Brown University
Educator
Civil Rights leader/Social Reformer
Became Atlanta Baptist College’s first black president in (Morehouse)
1929—president of Atlanta University.
Worked hard for social equality.
President of National Association of Teachers of Colored Schools
Leader in the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
Worked with the YMCA.
Helped form the Atlanta University Center.
Active in NAACP

29. Alonzo Herndon--Entrepreneur
 Born a slave (Social Circle)
Worked as a sharecropper
Entrepreneur work of selling peanuts and molasses helped him escape
Learned barber trade; set up own barber shop and then opened three barber shops
“Best barber of the South”
Invested in real estate
Founded Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance Company, which offered coverage to African Americans
Helped organize Niagara Movement
Supported YMCA, Atlanta University and Diana Pace orphanages

32. 1. Evaluate the impact of the Bourbon Triumvirate on Georgia
1. Evaluate the impact of the Bourbon Triumvirate on Georgia. (State WHAT the BT is and include 3 positive impacts of trio on Georgia and 3 criticisms/negative impacts.) 10 pts 2. Evaluate the impact of the 1906 Atlanta Riot. (What was it? How did it start? Impact on Atlanta?) 5 pts 3. Evaluate impact of the Cotton Exposition on Georgia. (What was it and how did it impact GA?) 4 pts 4. What were Jim Crow laws? Identify five ways Jim Crow laws disenfranchised African Americans. (6 pts)
Assessment
25 multiple choice/ matching questions (50%)
4 Constructed Response questions (50%)