1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral Column: Curvatures Increase resilience and flexibility of spine –Cervical and lumbar curvatures Concave posteriorly –Thoracic and sacral curvatures Convex posteriorly Abnormal spine curvatures –Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curve –Kyphosis (hunchback) – exaggerated thoracic curvature –Lordosis (swayback) – accentuated lumbar curvature

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16 The vertebral column. Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C 1 – C 7 Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T 1 – T 12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior viewRight lateral view C1C1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T1T1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 L1L1 2 3 4 5

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17 Abnormal spinal curvatures. Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Sectioned body of vertebra Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Discs Cushionlike pad Nucleus pulposus Inner gelatinous nucleus Gives disc its elasticity and compressibility –Anulus fibrosus Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal nerve root Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc Spinal cord Nucleus pulposus of disc

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Herniated nucleus pulposus MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing herniated disc

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior Vertebral arch Lamina Pedicle Anterior Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular facet and process Vertebral foramen Body (centrum) Figure 7.19 Typical vertebral structures.

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.21a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C 1 (atlas) Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C 7 (vertebra prominens) Cervical vertebrae C 2 (axis) C3C3

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical Vertebrae C 1 (atlas) and C 2 (axis) have unique features Atlas (C 1 ) –No body or spinous process –Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses –Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles – Movement for "Yes"

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Posterior arch Posterior tubercle C1C1 Posterior Lateral masses Superior view of atlas (C 1 ) Facet for dens Inferior view of atlas (C 1 ) Lateral masses Inferior articular facet Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Posterior arch Transverse process Transverse foramen Posterior tubercle Figure 7.20a–b The first and second cervical vertebrae.

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical Vertebrae Axis (C 2 ) –Dens projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas Is "missing" body of atlas –Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas –Movement for "No"

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.20c The first and second cervical vertebrae. Posterior Inferior articular process Transverse process Dens Spinous process Lamina Pedicle Superior articular facet Superior view of axis (C 2 ) Body C2C2

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Transverse process Spinous process Superior articular process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Inferior articular process Thoracic vertebrae Figure 7.21b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.21c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Superior articular process Transverse process Spinous process Body Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Lumbar vertebrae

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Coccyx –Tailbone –3–5 fused vertebrae –Articulates superiorly with sacrum Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum –5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5) –Forms posterior wall of pelvis –Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of hip bones, forming sacroiliac joints

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.22a The sacrum and coccyx. Sacral promontory Ala Apex Coccyx Anterior sacral foramina Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Body of first sacral vertebra Anterior view

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.22b The sacrum and coccyx. Ala Sacral canal Body Facet of superior articular process Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Sacral hiatus Posterior view Coccyx Posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.23a The thoracic cage. Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin Floating ribs (11, 12) L 1 Vertebra True ribs (1–7) False ribs (8–12) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view Sternum

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.23b The thoracic cage. Jugular notch Heart Xiphisternal joint Midsagittal section through the thorax, showing the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax to the vertebral column T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 T9T9 Sternal angle

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24a Ribs. Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Body of vertebra Intervertebral disc Sternum Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Tubercle of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage Angle of rib Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib Shaft Neck of rib Head of rib Cross- section of rib

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24b Ribs. Head of rib Neck of rib Shaft Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Body of thoracic vertebra Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Ligaments Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24c Ribs. Shaft Facets for articulation with vertebrae Head Neck Articular facet on tubercle Angle of rib Costal grooveJunction with costal cartilage A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view