1. End of the Cold War

2. Brinkmanship to Détente Brinkmanship- policy followed by Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson. Détente- a policy of lessening Cold War tensions. –Policy followed by Nixon Nixon visited Communist China (first US president to do so in 20 years). Then, visits USSR! SALT I Treaty- limited number of intercontinental ballistics and submarine-launched missiles each country could have. Signing of the Helsinki Accords

3. Arms Race Gets Crazy! US President Reagan increases funding for arms (example: “Star Wars” missile defense system) USSR, going broke, throws more $ into nukes US & USSR arms build up again! USSR economically, begins to unravel –Could not sustain weapons build up AND make consumer goods (centrally planned economy= communism)

4. 1985 - Gorbachev comes to power Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform (change). Once the door to criticism was cracked open, it couldn’t be cut off again –Glasnost (openness) allowed greater free expression and criticism of Soviet policies Perestroika (restructuring) Economic reforms (more market based – could suggest improvements, etc.)

5. Gorbachev's reforms led many Soviet citizens to demand more freedoms and an immediate move to capitalism. Throughout the late 80's Eastern European nations had movements against the Communist governments. The Soviet Union did not stop them. Velvet Revolution 1989 Czechoslovakia

6. Gorbachev and President George H.W.Bush held a summit meeting at Malta and negotiated important reductions in intermediate range Nuclear weapons *Late in 1991 there was a coup in the Soviet Union. Hardcore communist Soviet leaders held Gorbachev hostage. Parliament elects Yeltsin President. Gorbachev resigns as President of the USSR, a country that ceased to exist.

7. 74 years 1917, a successful coup toppled Czar Nicholas II and established a communist Russia (U.S.S.R). 1991, the communist party collapsed due to a failed coup.

8. 1989 - Berlin Wall falls The Berlin Wall came down signaling the end of the Cold War. Hungary opened its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West. Massive public demonstrations; East Germany and Eastern Europe; The Berlin Wall fell on November 9.

12. End of the USSR Various Soviet republics protested to be free of the system The Soviet and home nations’ armies were unwilling to fire upon citizens any longer The power of the Soviet political elites crumbled. 1992 – USSR officially ceases to exist.