2. Protein Synthesis

3. Levels of Genetic Organization

4. Macromolecules of Evolution Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA universal code (blueprints) for making proteins inherited genetic information Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on.

5. Macromolecules of Evolution Proteins - determine physical traits structure - materials for building cells function - a. carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells b. trigger muscle movements c. assist with all chemical reactions in the body d. protect the body against disease Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on.

6. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. 

7. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acids a phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of another nucleotide (covalent bond) bases bond with complimentary bases (hydrogen bond)

8. DNA Replication A half of the DNA ladder is a template to make a copy of the whole Occurs before cell division – mitosis or meiosis

9. DNA Synthesis The DNA bases on each strand act as a template to synthesize a complementary strand Recall that Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) The process is semiconservative because each new double-stranded DNA contains one old strand (template) and one newly-synthesized complementary strand DNA Replication AGCTGAGCTG TCGACTCGAC AGCTGAGCTG TCGACTCGAC AGCTAGCT TCGATCGA AGCAGC TCGACTCGAC TCGACTCGAC AGCTGAGCTG

10. 3 ’ end has a free deoxyribose 5 ’ end has a free phosphate DNA polymerase: can only build the new strand in the 5 ’ to 3 ’ direction Thus scans the template strand in 3 ’ to 5 ’ direction DNA Replication

11. Initiation Primase (a type of RNA polymerase) builds an RNA primer (5-10 ribonucleotides long) DNA polymerase attaches onto the 3 ’ end of the RNA primer DNA Replication DNA polymerase

12. Elongation DNA polymerase uses each strand as a template in the 3 ’ to 5 ’ direction to build a complementary strand in the 5 ’ to 3 ’ direction results in a leading strand and a lagging strand DNA Replication

13. Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G Complementary DNA Strand Sequence: C A G A T G A A C Determine the sequence of the developing DNA strand! DNA Replication DNA replication video….video ….and another videovideo …and another for good measure.another OK, fine. One moreOne There are more on my website under Resources

14. 2.RNA Overview 1.RNA is the other type of nucleic acid. 2.RNA stands for ribonucleic acid 3.Its structure is a single strand of nucleotides 4.RNA’s function is to decode genes within the DNA to make proteins 5.Like DNA, it has 4 nitrogenous bases – guanine and cytosine adenine and uracil

15. 2.RNA Overview 6. There are 3 types of RNA: messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

16. Differences Between DNA & RNA A. Sugars 1.DNA B. Number of strands 2.RNA C. BasesD. Location deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar double- stranded single- stranded A-T G-C A-U G-C in the nucleus in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome

17. Protein Synthesis Overview DNA RNA protein traits transcription translation

18. DNA RNA Protein Trait DNA  RNA  Protein  Trait Protein Synthesis

19. Transcription 1.In the first step of protein synthesis, a gene is copied 2.A half of the DNA helix is used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.This occurs in the nucleus of the cell

20. Transcription Messenger RNA Sequence: C A G A U G A A C Determine the sequence of the developing messenger RNA strand! Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G

21. Translation 1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome

22. Translation 2. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) meets mRNA at the ribosome with the appropriate amino acids (building blocks of proteins) 3. Amino acids attach together (peptide bond) to form a polypeptide chain

23. Translation 4.a 3-base sequence of mRNA called a codon codes for a specific amino acid 5.a 3-base sequence of tRNA called an anti- codon bonds with a corresponding codon, delivering its amino acid

24. Translation Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the developing polypeptide chain! GluMetAsp peptide bond

25. Proteins 1. Amino acids bond together to make proteins. 2.Proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids. 3.Amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. 4.The 3D form of the protein determines its function.

26. Levels of Protein Structure 5.Polypeptide chains spontaneously arrange themselves into 3-dimensional structures to form functional 6.There are four levels of arrangement from primary, the straight chain of amino acids, to quaternary, several polypeptide chains bonded together. 1º - a straight chain of amino acids 2º - chains bend and twist 3º - twisted chain folds even more; bonds form to hold the 3- dimensional shape 4º - Several polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure come together. This is a functional protein!

27. 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs) approximately 25,000 genes = approximately 25,000 proteins 1 protein = approx. 500 amino acids 1 amino acid = 3 nucleotides 25,000 proteins x 1500 nucleotides = 37,500,000 nucleotides Human Genes & Proteins If there are approx. 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes, then… How much of our DNA codes for proteins? What do they call the rest of the DNA that does not code for proteins?