1. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid “The Blueprint of Life”
I. DNA Structure & Function

2. A. What is DNA?
1. Organic molecule
2. Nucleic acid

3. B.Where is it located?
1. Nucleus
2. Chromosomes X
DNA

4. Chromosomes in Nucleus

5. C. Structure of DNA Nucleotides a. Phosphoric Acid
b. Deoxyribose sugar
c. Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
2. Ladder Shape
3. Double strand, helix twist

6. Ladder Shape (Sides & Rungs)
Sugar
Acid
Sides:
Phosphoric Acid
Sugar
Rungs:
A-T
T-A
G-C
C-G
T-A
G-C
C-G
A-T

7. Watson & Crick’s Double helix:

8. D. What is DNA’s Function?
Hereditary Instructions
Chemical code for every trait
“Blueprint” for making Proteins

9. Genes = Segments of DNA Code for a trait Chromosome DNA Code: Eye
Hair
Color
Genes =
Segments of DNA
Code for a trait X
Eye
Color

10. DNA Chromosome Code: Sets of 3 Nucleotides Code for Trait Triplets= X
Acid Acid
Sugar-T-A-Sugar
Acid Acid
Sugar-G-C-Sugar
Sugar-C-G-Sugar X

11. *** *- ** *-* DNA Chromosome Code: A-T G-C C-G T-A
*** *- ** *-*
Like Morse Code: Hair =
Or DNA
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A

12. DNA Replication Chromosomes double Mitosis Late Interphase 2n to 4n 2N

13. E. Steps for DNA Replication:
DNA untwists
DNA unzips
Corresponding base pairs
Line up
In sets of 3
nucleotides (triplets)
Or “codons”
DNA reforms
2 strands twist into helix
Identical
Strand

14. RNA Ribonucleic Acid “DNA messenger & taxi”
II. RNA Structure & Function

15. A. What is RNA? Organic Molecule Nucleic Acid mRNA= Ribonucleic Acid
messenger
tRNA=
transfer
Ribonucleic Acid

16. mRNA in nucleus & cytoplasm
B. Where is RNA located?
mRNA in nucleus & cytoplasm
tRNA only in cytoplasm
mRNA
mRNA
tRNA

17. B. What is RNA’s structure?
Nucleotides=
a. Phosphoric Acid
b. Ribose sugar
c. Nitrogenous
Bases:
Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-Cytocine
2. Single Strand
3. No Twisted helix
Acid
Sugar-Base

18. Comparison of RNA & DNA:
Acid
Sugar-Base
Acid Acid
Sugar-Base-Sugar
Acid Acid
Uracil
Thymine
Deoxy-ribose
Ribose
RNA
DNA Ladder

19. D. What are RNA’s functions:
mRNA=
Copies the DNA code
Deliveries message to Ribosome
Protein Factories

20. Why not send the original DNA code out?
DNA might be damaged!
mRNA components are reused
To copy more messages
mRNA copy

21. RNA function cont. tRNA in cytoplasm Picks up an amino acid
“Taxis” the aa to the Ribosome protein factories
Amino
acid
tRNA

22. Assembling Proteins from the DNA Instructions
III. Protein Synthesis
Assembling Proteins from the DNA Instructions

23. A. Transcription: mRNA is copied off of DNA In nucleus Steps:
DNA untwists
DNA unzips
RNA codons line up

24. Transcription: mRNA DNA Code A T C G U A G C I I I mRNA has:
Ribose sugar
Uracil instead of thymine bases
Nuclear membrane allows it to leave!
mRNA A T C G U A G C I I I
DNA Code

25. Transcription in
The nucleus
DNA
mRNA copy

26. B. Translation = Conversion of the message (mRNA Code) Into a protein
By the ribosome factories

27. B.Translation A U A G C U mRNA code C mRNA arrives at the Ribosome
tRNA taxi A
mRNA arrives at the Ribosome
tRNA picks up an amino acid
tRNA delivers the aa to the ribosome
aa are assembled into polypeptide proteins U C G
U A G C
mRNA code

28. 2. Peptide bond forms tRNA delivers 3. tRNA leaves ribosome amino acid
4. Polypeptide
Chain of amino
acids grows
2. Peptide bond forms
3. tRNA leaves ribosome
tRNA delivers
amino acid

29. Summary: Protein Synthesis: Transcrition: Make mRNA From DNA
Translation:
Make protein
Off mRNA code
Using amino acids
DNA Replication:
Make duplicate DNA
In nucleus
Copy the chromosomes
For Mitosis