1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. The Male Reproductive System - Know Figure 28.1

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.13 The Female Reproductive System - Know

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive System 3. Reproductive system functions in gamete Production Storage Nourishment Transport

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. The Penis fills with blood

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. The Fimbrae

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle - know 5. LH and FSH increase then fall

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6. Progesterone

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle - know 7. Day 13-16

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle - know 8. Secretory

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 9-12: Sex Hormone Review Male: LHTestosterone FSHSpermatogenesis Female: LHEstrogen FSHOogenesis

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.10 The Ductus Deferens and Accessory Glands - illustration

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 13. Male glands Bulbourethral - located posterior and lateral to urethra at the base of the penis; secrete produces a clear, viscous, alkaline secretion (pre-ejaculate). Bartolini’s - secrete mucus Prostate – located inferior to bladder; The prostatic gland secretes a thick, alkaline fluid which aids in sperm motility and in neutralizing the acidity of the vagina, thus enhancing fertilization

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Myometrium – outer muscular layer Endometrium – a thin, inner, glandular mucosa Perimetrium – an incomplete serosa continuous with the peritoneum 14. Uterine wall consists of three layers - know

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15 & 16. The Fimbrae receives ovum; fertilization occurs in Fallopian tube isthmus

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 17. Secondary sexual characteristics Male: Testosterone Female: Estrogen

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 18. The epididymis

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19. Cells in testicles Sustentacular cells - located in the walls of the seminiferous tubules and supplies nutrients to developing sperm Interstitial cells – make testosterone Seminiferous tubules – make sperm cells

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20. Scrotum Pelvic cavity (37 C) is too warm for sperm cells (34-35 C) to develop normally.

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 21. Acrosomal Reaction and Sperm Penetration Sperm must breach oocyte membrane coverings Sperm binds to the oocyte membrane coverings Enzymes are released from the acrosome to digest holes in the oocyte membranes

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 22. Completion of Meiosis II and Fertilization Primary oocytes arrested at Prophase II of Meiosis The Ca 2+ surge triggers completion of meiosis II  ovum + second polar body

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23. Follicles secrete estrogen

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 24. Terms of menstruation Menopause - menstrual cycles cease Menarche - menstrual cycles begin Menses - fluids released during menstruation

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.4 (a) Zygote (fertilized egg) (b) 4-cell stage 2 days (c) Morula (a solid ball of blastomeres). 3 days (d) Early blastocyst (Morula hollows out, fills with fluid, and “hatches” from the zona pellucida). 4 days Blastocyst cavity Degenerating zona pellucida Zona pellucida Inner cell mass Blastocyst cavity Trophoblast (e) Implanting blastocyst (Consists of a sphere of tropho- blast cells and an eccentric cell clus- ter called the inner cell mass). 7 days Cavity of uterus Uterus Endometrium Ovulation Ovary Fertilization (sperm meets and enters egg) Uterine tube Oocyte (egg) Sperm 25. Blastocyst

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 26. Placenta Consists of choronic villi in cooperation with tissues of the mother's uterus. Removes wastes and delivers oxygen and nutrients to the blood of the embryo and fetus. Produces hormones including estrogen and progesterone. Forms from the outer cell mass.

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 27. Placenta forms from: Maternal tissues: Endometrium forms decidua basalis Embryonic tissues: Mesoderm cells form the chorion and chorionic villi

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 28. Fertilization occurs in Fallopian tube isthmus

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 29. Amniocentesis done in the 14th to 18th week of pregnancy small amount of the amniotic fluid is taken from the uterus and then sent to a laboratory to be studied no anesthetic is required, and a result is usually obtained in about three to four weeks Karyotype chromosomes (check for normal number and shapes of chromosomes)

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Apgar Scale Within the first five minutes after birth the infant is assessed for his or her general health. Evaluations heart rate respiratory effort muscle tone body color reflex irritability

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 31. Physiological changes in pregnancy Increased urine production Heartburn, constipation and morning sickness Increased tidal respiratory volume Blood pressure increases by 25-40% Pulse increases