1. Yoga Sanskrit for “yoke” or “union” Sanskrit for “yoke” or “union” – Mind – Body – Spirit

2. Elements of Yoga Asanas – poses Asanas – poses Pranayama – breathing Pranayama – breathing Meditation Meditation Kriyas – cleansing processes Kriyas – cleansing processes

3. Brief History Stone seals excavated from Indus Valley carbon date to 3000 BC Stone seals excavated from Indus Valley carbon date to 3000 BC Vedas, ancient texts record Yogic teachings, 1800 – 300 BC Vedas, ancient texts record Yogic teachings, 1800 – 300 BC – Pre-classical yoga Buddhist – meditation and ethical thought Buddhist – meditation and ethical thought Jainism – “liberation of the spirit” Jainism – “liberation of the spirit” Hinduism – “physical purification process” Hinduism – “physical purification process”

4. Brief History, cont’d Classical yoga – 2 nd century AD Classical yoga – 2 nd century AD – 8 paths to be memorized – Wisdom would be internalized Post classical yoga – 1800 Post classical yoga – 1800 – The body should be treated as a temple Physical fitness Physical fitness Mental health Mental health

5. Clinical Relevance Complimentary and Alternative Medicine Complimentary and Alternative Medicine – Mind/body Prevention Prevention General health General health Rehabilitation Rehabilitation

6. Health Benefits Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Nervous System Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

7. Musculoskeletal System Exercise Exercise – Increased muscle strength – Flexibility – Stable joints Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis

8. Washington State University Research Therapeutic intervention of cervical spondylosis Therapeutic intervention of cervical spondylosis – Degenerative disorder of cervical intervertebral discs – Nerve root irritation Neck pain Neck pain Brachial neuralgia Brachial neuralgia Vertebro-basilar insufficiency Vertebro-basilar insufficiency

9. Washington State University Research, cont’d 102 patients, ages 18-60 102 patients, ages 18-60 Pain assessment pre-therapy Pain assessment pre-therapy – 39% reported moderate pain – 60% reported severe pain Performed specific asanas twice daily for 8 weeks Performed specific asanas twice daily for 8 weeks After 8 weeks re-assessment of pain After 8 weeks re-assessment of pain – 100% patients reported NO pain

10. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 42 patients with CTS 42 patients with CTS – Randomized – Treatment group (22) – Control group (20) – 11 asanas, twice weekly for 8 weeks – Pre-and-post therapy grip strength, pain intensity, sleep disturbance, Phalen sign, Tinel sign, and median nerve motor and sensory conduction time were measured

11. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Results Results – Yoga group showed significant improvement in grip strength, Phalen sign and a reduction in pain – Improvement was seen in other symptoms however, not significantly greater than control group

12. Cardiovascular System Cedars-Sinai Preventive and Rehabilitative Cardiac Center Cedars-Sinai Preventive and Rehabilitative Cardiac Center – Preventative “Stress management techniques” “Stress management techniques” – Rehabilitation Integral yoga – Hatha yoga Integral yoga – Hatha yoga

13. Hypertension Two studies using head-down-body up postural exercises Two studies using head-down-body up postural exercises Baroreceptor reflex Baroreceptor reflex – Carotid sinus – Short term blood pressure regulator Negative “g” sensitizes baroreceptor Negative “g” sensitizes baroreceptor

14. Hypertension, cont’d Pilot study on baroreceptor reflex Pilot study on baroreceptor reflex – 20 male patients with essential hypertension – Patients discontinued drug therapy – Group I – tilt table – Group II – yoga poses

15. Hypertension, cont’d – 30 minutes daily – 3 weeks Assessment measuring Assessment measuring – Blood pressure – Blood catecholamines – Plasma renin activity Results Results – Significant reduction (P<0.001)

16. Additional Benefits Stress Stress – Suppresses immune system – Cardiac risk factor – Insomnia Asthma Asthma

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19. Thank you