1. Page 63 NCSCOS Goal 11

2. Election of 1960 -John F. Kennedy–Dem. Senator from Mass. -Richard Nixon Rep. Eisenhower’s VP -religious issue Kennedy Catholic -impact of television First-ever TV debates, Kennedy more appealing -Kennedy wins very close election Gains black vote by civil rights stance takes a hard line on communism

3. The election in November of 1960 was the closest since 1884; Kennedy won by fewer than 119,000 votes. Since Kennedy had been elected by the slimmest of margins, he lacked a popular mandate—a clear indication that voters approved of his plans. As a result, he often tried to play it safe politically.

4. Cuban Revolution -1959 Fidel Castro leads revolution Promised democracy in Cuba, would lead them there -turns to communist system Began to rely on Communist aid from Soviets -confiscated lands of large corporations Government takeover, building communism -trade barriers set Against Cuban sugar -seen as threat to the U.S. -many Cubans go into exile Come 90 miles to Florida in the U.S.

5. Bay of Pigs -Cuban exiles to try to overthrow Castro Eisenhower allows CIA to train them, Kennedy continues mission -U.S. gives exiles military aid Cuban exiles and U.S. troops invade at Bay of Pigs -Attack at the Bay of Pigs is a great failure Defeated by Cuban/Soviet troops at great cost -embarrassment to the U.S. and Kennedy -Cuba turns to USSR for more aid

6. Berlin Wall -millions of East Germans moved West Escape brutal Communists, take money with them -Soviets want East Germany recognized as new nation -wall built to separate East and West No longer allowed to leave and go West -seem as symbol of communism And symbol of the Cold War

7. The system of the Berlin Wall at the end of the 70s From right to left: 1 - East Berlin 2 - Border area 3 - Backland Wall 4 - Signal fence 5 - Different kind of barriers 6 - Watch towers 7 - Lighting system 8 - Column track 9 - Control track 10 - Anti-vehicle trenches 11 - Last Wall, AKA the "Wall" 12 - Border 13 - West Berlin

8. Cuban Missile Crisis -Soviets place missiles in Cuba – very close to U.S. -Oct. 1962 -U.S. spy planes get intelligence Missiles could reach U.S. cities in minutes -Kennedy demanded removal -U.S. blockades Cuba No ships allowed within 500 miles of Cuba; USSR still sends ships; world waits -brink of war USSR backs down Removes missiles from Cuba as long as the U.S. promises not to invade Cuba U.S. removes missiles from Turkey

9. “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” ~JFK Inaugural

10. Easing Tensions -Hotline established between leaders Could communicate at once if another crisis arose -signed treaty banning nuclear testing above ground Limited Test Ban Treaty attempts to limit number of nuclear weapons built and tested Protected the atmosphere The Limited Test Ban Treaty limited the nuclear-competing nations to testing nuclear weapons. They were no longer allowed to test them above ground, which prevented the manufacture of weapons.