1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Microbiology B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION TORTORA FUNKE CASE Chapter 19, part A Disorders Associated with the Immune System

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders Associated with the Immune System Infection and immunosuppression are failures of the immune system. Superantigens cause release of cytokines that cause adverse host responses. Allergies and transplant rejection are harmful immune reactions

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage Require sensitizing dose(s) Hypersensitivity Reactions

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Involve IgE antibodies Localized: Hives or asthma from contact or inhaled antigens Systemic: Shock from ingested or injected antigens Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions Figure 19.1a

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin testing Desensitization Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions Figure 19.3

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and complement Complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABO Blood Group System Table 19.2

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Figure 19.4

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Drug-induced Thrombocytopenic Purpura Figure 19.5

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IgG antibodies and antigens form complexes that lodge in basement membranes. Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions Figure 19.6

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Delayed-type hypersensitivities due to T D cells Cytokines attract macrophages and initiate tissue damage Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions Figure 19.8

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clonal deletion during fetal development ensures self- tolerance Autoimmunity is loss of self-tolerance Autoimmune Diseases

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Type I — Due to antibodies against pathogens Type II — Antibodies react with cell-surface antigens Type III (Immune Complex) — IgM, IgG, complement immune complexes deposit in tissues Type IV — Mediated by T cells Autoimmune Diseases

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Histocompatibility antigens: Self antigens on cell surfaces Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Genes encoding histocompatibility antigens Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex: MHC genes in humans Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diseases Related to Specific HLAs Table 19.3

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HLA Typing Figure 19.1

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transplants may be attacked by T cells, macrophages, and complement-fixing antibodies. Transplants to privileged sites do not cause an immune response. Stem cells may allow therapeutic cloning to avoid rejection. Reactions to Transplantation

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autograft: Use of one's own tissue Isograft: Use of identical twin's tissue Allograft: Use of tissue from another person Xenotransplantation product: Use of non-human tissue Graft-versus-host disease can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells Grafts

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cyclosporine suppresses IL-2 Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits T cell and B cell reproduction Sirolimus blocks IL-2 Immunosuppression prevents an immune response to transplanted tissues

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Congenital: Due to defective or missing genes Selective IgA immunodeficiency Severe combined immunodeficiency Acquired: Develop during an individual's life, due to drugs, cancers, infections Artificial: Immunosuppression drugs Natural: HIV infections Immune Deficiencies

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cancer cells possess tumor-specific antigens T C cells recognize and lyse cancer cells Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill T C cells The Immune System and Cancer Figure 19.11

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Treatment of cancer using immunologic methods Tumor necrosis factor, IL-2, and interferons may kill cancer cells Immunotoxins link poisons with an monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen Vaccines contain tumor-specific antigens Immunotherapy