1. Persuasive Strategies Copyright 2006 IRA/NCTE. All rights reserved. ReadWriteThink.org materials may be reproduced for educational purposes. Images ©2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

2. Claim Example: I am going to try to convince you that chocolate is a healthy snack. State your argument.

3. Big Names Example: Former U.S. president Bill Clinton thinks that junk food should be taken out of vending machines. Important people or experts can make your argument seem more convincing.

4. Logos Example: A Snickers bar has 280 calories and 30 grams of sugar. That’s not very healthy. Facts, numbers, and information can be very convincing.

5. Pathos Example: Your donation might just get this puppy off the street and into a good home. Getting people to feel happy, sad, or angry can help your argument.

6. Ethos Example: Believe me! I’ve been there before. I’m just like you. If people believe and trust in you, you’re more likely to persuade them.

7. Kairos Example: This is a one-time offer. You can’t get this price after today. Try to convince your audience that this issue is so important they must act now.

8. Research Example: A recent study found that students who watch TV during the week don’t do as well in school. Using reliable research can help your argument seem convincing.

9. Some commonly used features of PERSUASIVE TEXT Emotive language – to get a sympathetic reaction. Imperatives (commands) – telling the reader what to do. Short sentences – dramatic effect. Logical connectives – e.g. ‘therefore’, ‘because’. Alliteration Address reader directly. Personal and informal tone. Use of contrasts to emphasize particular points. Use of facts to shock the reader.

10. PROPOGANDA technique that attempts to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of a group in order to benefit the sponsor a specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda PURPOSE: appeal to one’s emotions

11. Characteristics of Propaganda In advertising the purpose is to claim “superiority” in order to sell product. Weasel Words: tackles, comforts, refreshes, fights, helps, virtually… (modifiers that look substantial but are meaningless) Makes audience believe in something or want to do something.

12. To protect yourself against propoganda, ask yourself 1.Who does this benefit? 2.Why did they do that? 3.According to whom?

13. PROPOGANDA TECHNIQUES we’re going to focus on: Name-calling Glittering Generality Transfer Testimonial Plain Folk Card-Stacking Bandwagon Slogan Snob Appeal

14. #1: Name-calling Trash-talking about another product or person "mudslinging” Examples: Senator Hillary Clinton calling President Bush a “turd” on Ellen DeGeneres Show You’re a turd, George !

15. #2: Glittering Generality Words of praise for a product or person; using nice words like goodness or patriotism. Examples: McDonald’s is America’s favorite restaurant. appeal to such notions as honor, glory, love of country, desire for peace, freedom, and family values. It cannot be proved true or false because it really says little or nothing at all. FORD…built American tough

16. #3: Transfer Techniques Using a strong symbol or phrase arouses the audience’s emotions so that they’ll connect-transfer-the emotion to the product being sold Propagandists often employ symbols (e.g., waving the American flag) to stir our emotions and win our approval, sex appeal, wealth, power, fame. Example: a political activist closes her speech with a prayer (to gain support at Baptist Convention)

17. #4: Testimonial An important person or famous figure endorses a product. using the words of a famous person to persuade you. Examples: an athlete appears on the Wheaties box; Denzel Washington actor at Democratic National Convention; Tiger Woods and Nike

18. #5: Plain Folk Appealing to regular people's values like family, patriotism Examples: Senator Barack Obama eats at small business restaurants; Oprah Winfrey is photographed shopping for groceries Example: Ken Nugent commercials “One Call, That’s All” Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there. One call, that’s all.

19. #6: Card-stacking Manipulating information to make a product appear better than it is often by unfair comparison or omitting facts. Example: 1990s Hardee’s chicken commercial stated their fried chicken was better than KFC. 1990’s fried chicken was better than KFC.

20. #7: Bandwagon This technique tries to persuade everyone to join in and do the same thing. persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it. “everyone else is doing it, and so should you.” Examples: an ad states that “everyone is rushing down to their Ford dealer to buy red Mustang convertibles”; “Don’t be left out”; “For only 2 days,…”

21. #8: Slogan A catchword or phrase loaded with emotion Often sells through repetition Clever and easy to remember Stays with you a long time Often a melody you already know “ Trust Sleepy’s For the ‘rest’ of your life”.

23. #9: Snob appeal 1957 qualities in a product that appeal to the snobbery (wanting to be like those who are superior in society) in a purchaser

24. Ambiguity it is more difficult to interpret the meanings of particular ads

25. What does an OREO cookie have to do with persuasive writing?

26. How are things going with your writing? Have you met the standard? Have you engaged the reader? Have you stated a clear position? Have you supported your position with well articulated relevant evidence? Have you excluded all irrelevant arguments? Is your writing organized appropriately for your audience? Have you addressed your reader’s concerns and anticipated your counterargument? Have you provided closure?

27. Are you still curious about the OREO?

28. State your P I O N I O N. Give your EASONSEASONS And your V I D E N C E. Then, restate your PIONIONPIONION In a different way. 1.State your OPINION 2.Give your REASONS and your EVIDENCE. 3.Restate your OPNION in a different way. IT’S A EASY AS 1-2-3.

29. You can eat your cookie now.