1. Kingdom Fungi Regular Biology Chapter 21 Waggy

2. Chapter Objectives 1. List the characteristics of fungi 2. Describe how fungi obtain food 3. Compare the ways fungi reproduce 4. List & describe the three phyla of fungi 5. Compare & contrast mycorrhizae & lichens 6. Kingdom Fungi & humans

3. Characteristics of Fungi mycologyThe study of fungus is called mycology eukaryotic, heterotrophic, nonphotosynthetic organismsThis kingdom is made up of eukaryotic, heterotrophic, nonphotosynthetic organisms

4. Most get their nutrients by absorbing them from the environment Most are saprophytic, meaning that they feed on dead organisms (decomposers) They do not have roots, leaves, or stems Cell walls are made of chitin just like the exoskeletons of insects! The cells grow in long strings called filaments or hyphae

5. The hyphae can either be separated in smaller sections or not –If they are broken into smaller sections they are described as being septate –If not, they are described as being non-septate –Large mats of hyphae are called mycelium

6. Fungal reproduction 1. Asexual –Spore production: most common method, where thousands of spores are produced and released from the end of a specialized stalk called a sporangium

7. Fragmentation:2. Fragmentation: a hyphae breaks into smaller pieces & each piece grows a new fungus 3. Budding3. Budding (more on this later) Sexual reproduction (conjugation)Sexual reproduction (conjugation) plus & minus –Do not have male & female fungal hyphae - instead they are called plus & minus –When two different types of hyphae come into contact, they fuse & exchange DNA

8. Fungal Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: there are three –1. Zygomycota –2. Basidiomycota –3. Ascomycota

9. Phylum: Zygomycota The common bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer is in this phylum Rhizoids are specialized hyphae that anchor the mold to the breads surface Stolons are the specialized hyphae that spread across the breads surface

10. They reproduce in two ways: Asexual: –1. Asexual: spore production A structure called a sporangium forms at the top of one of the stolon Spores are produced in the sporangium and then are released when they are mature

11. Sexual: –2. Sexual: conjugation –When two stolon come into contact with each other, a cell called a gametangium develops –Inside the gametangium, genetic information is exchanged –When the exchange is complete the structure is now called a zygosporagium –It will lie dormant until the conditions are right for it to grow into a new bread mold