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2.  Use of graphical methods as an aid in scientific and engineering analysis is commonly referred to as scientific Visualization  visualization of data sets and processes that may be difficult or impossible to analyze without graphical methods  Example medical scanners, satellite and spacecraft Scanners 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 2

3.  Useful for analyzing process that occur over a long period of time or that cannot observed directly.  Example quantum mechanical phenomena and special relativity effects produced by objects traveling near the speed of light.  Scientific visualization is used to visually display, enhance and manipulate information to allow better understanding of the data. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 3

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6.  Similar methods employed by commerce, industry and other nonscientific areas are sometimes referred to as business visualization.  Data sets are classified  according to their spatial distribution ( 2D or 3D )  according to data type (scalars, vectors, tensors and multivariate data ). 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 6

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8.  scalar quantity is one that has a single value.  Scalar data sets contain values that  may be distributed in time  spatial positions  functions of other scalar parameters. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 8

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10.  visualizing a scalar data set is to  use graphs or charts that show the distribution of data values as a function of other parameters such as position and time.  Pseudo-color methods  used to distinguish different values in a scalar data set and color coding techniques can be combined with graph and chart models. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 10

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12.  Contour plots are used to display isolines ( lines of constant scalar value) for a data set distributed over a surface.  Contouring methods are applied to a set of data values that is distributed over a regular grid.  2D contouring algorithm traces the isolines from cell to cell within the grid by checking the four corners of grid cells to determine which cell edges are crossed by a particular isoline. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 12

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15.  Sometimes isolines are plotted with spline curves but spline fitting can lead to misinterpretation of the data sets.  Volume rendering which is like an X-ray picture is another method for visualizing a 3D data set. The interior information about a data set is projected to a display screen using the ray casting method. Along the ray path from each screen pixel. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 15

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18.  vector quantity V in three-dimensional space has three scalar values  ( V x, V y, V z, ) one for each coordinate direction, and a two dimensional vector has two components (V x, V y)  vector quantity is by giving its magnitude IV I and its direction as a unit vector u. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 18

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20.  One way to visualize a vector field is to plot each data point as a small arrow that shows the magnitude and direction of the vector.  Vector values are also represented by plotting field lines or streamlines.  Field lines are commonly used for electric, magnetic and gravitational fields.  The magnitude of the vector values is indicated by spacing between field lines, and the direction is the tangent to the field 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 20

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22.  A tensor quantity in three-dimensional space has nine components and can be represented with a 3 by 3 matrix. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 22

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25.  multiple data values, which can be a mixture of scalar, vector, and even tensor values. 2/24/2016A.Aruna/Assistant professor/IT/SNSCE 25