1. Seminar Conservation and Protection of Local Plants 20 th October, 2015 Plant Health Directorate Local varieties of agricultural plants and their crop wild relatives - their importance and use Mario Cardona (Scientist – SPMU) Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas MINISTRY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, THE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Veterinary and Phytosanitary Regulation Department Plant Health Directorate, Lija, MALTA

2. Introduction “The Study and Sustainable Conservation of Varieties of Local Plants” The scope of the project is to study with the aim to conserve plant genetic resources for food and agriculture by conserving local plant genetic resources which are under threat. The local landraces and crop wild relatives of the following sixteen crops were studied in the project: These include a variety of cereals, fodder, and vegetable crops: tomato, onion, cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi, squash, courgette, sulla, wheat, “żożfa”, “ċikkarda”, cotton, caterpillar plant, cumin, chickpea, and orange carthamus. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

3. Local Varieties of Agricultural Plants Definition A crop landrace is a traditional, locally adapted crop variety that is the result of the combined selection actions by man and nature. Selection by man (farmer/grower) - selecting the variety that has the most desirable characteristics e.g. a variety that produces more fruit or has better disease resistance. Natural selection is done by local conditions such as climate and soil - the plants that were more suitably adapted to those conditions had a better chance of survival. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

4. Importance and uses of crop landraces Genetic resource as a source of genetic material that is used in agricultural research and development. Crop improvement increases agricultural production in terms of yield and quality thus helping in increasing food security, as the world faces a continual need to increase production. E.g. Crop varieties that are more adapted to changing environmental and biological challenges such as difficult growing conditions and diseases. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Crop landraces are important as a crop in general - cultivated plant species that have socio-economic importance, providing food, livestock fodder, and raw materials for the manufacturing industry.

5. Importance and uses of crop landraces Importance in low input agricultural production systems - are ideal for such production systems since they are adapted to the local environmental and climatic conditions. Adaptation to the local cultivation practices through selection by the growers - makes them ideal for sustainable agricultural systems which make less negative pressure on the environment. Crop landraces are also grown for their particular flavour, characteristics related to their production such as harvest time and disease resistance, and cultural or personal reasons. There is a close link between the local territory as well as community and a product made from a crop landrace - a source of typical product and high quality production. This is a very good niche market opportunity for cultivating the crop landraces. Crop landraces and the indigenous knowledge about them form part of the local cultural heritage. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

6. Local Varieties of Agricultural Plants Study and conservation of local landraces and varieties of agricultural plants and vegetables Action 2 “Exploration and documentation of local landraces and varieties of agricultural plants and vegetables” Action 3 “Collection of knowledge and plant material, technical examination and conservation of plant material” Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

7. Study and Research Process Identification In this research, thorough literature review was carried out for the identification of local crop landraces of the crops studied by reviewing of all available information and publications including what other countries are doing on this matter. E.g. Global Crop Diversity Trust, Bioversity International. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Localisation After that the local crop landraces had been identified, the next step was to do research for their localisation in the local territory.

8. Study and Research Process Surveying Research for the best methodology for the exploration of the local territory for local crop landraces was carried out. The most relevant method found was to perform ecogeographic surveys, through which information about the crop landraces studied, and their geographic distribution in the local territory is collected. Information was collected in the form of descriptor sheets which were created for this purpose. The descriptors are; Inventory Identification, Taxon Identification, Landrace/Population Identification, Site/Location Identification, The Farmer/Maintainer, The Landrace, and Conservation and Monitoring. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

9. Study and Research Process Collection of indigenous knowledge About the specific local varieties, such as origin, properties, advantages of use, and market situation - from the growers, and other persons who are involved in the local agricultural sector, such as traders, retired farmers, relatives of growers. Inventorying A way of storing information, with the inventory containing the data gathered through literature review; mainly the taxon information, and the data collected during the ecogeographic surveys; information about the population, site, farmer, landrace, conservation and monitoring. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Sampling and collection A strategic activity to improve the ex situ representation in germplasm collections – collection of seeds of the local crop landraces studied in the project was done for their ex situ conservation and cultivation in the preservation garden.

10. Study and Research Process Technical examination of the collected seeds by performing quality tests - purity and viability Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Preliminary morphological characterisation of the crop landraces - description of plant germplasm Research and collection of information about the regeneration of the conserved germplasm.

11. Examples of local varieties of crops Basal aħmar Tadam ċatt Qara’ bagħli tond Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

12. Crop Wild Relatives Definition “Crop wild relatives are wild species closely related to common food crops. These wild cousins of crops are vital to food security because they contain greater amounts of genetic diversity, making them more resilient in the face of climate change, pests and diseases and other new threats.” (Kew Royal Botanic Gardens) Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

13. Importance and Uses of Crop Wild Relatives Crop wild relatives are important socio-economic resources as they are related to crops and are used in agricultural R &D. Crop wild relatives are used as genetic resources to improve crops as they have the ability to exchange genes with the crops themselves. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas An example of the use of crop wild relatives as genetic resources is the production of varieties of crops which are more adapted to changing environmental and biological challenges such as difficult growing conditions and diseases. This can be exemplified by the use of crop wild relatives used to breed drought and salinity tolerance in barley.

14. Importance and Uses of Crop Wild Relatives Crop wild relatives are also important in maintaining the environment as they are components of natural and agricultural ecosystems, essential in maintaining good ecosystem health. Many of these plants themselves have also food and agricultural importance as they are a source of food harvested directly from the wild and as a forage source for livestock production. Some of these plants are also considered as a safety net when food is scarce and they may also have cultural roles in local communities. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

15. Crop Wild Relatives Action 4 of the project “Exploration, documentation, collection and ex situ conservation of local crop wild relatives”. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

16. Study and Research Process Li Literature review Important as this was new work for Malta and research about what is done on an international level was carried out. E.g. Crop Wild Relative Specialist Group, Bioversity international. Identification Identification of the local cop wild relatives of the crops studied was done through literature review. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Localisation After that the local crop wild relatives had been identified, the next step was to do research for their localisation in the local territory through literature review.

17. Study and Research Process Surveying Exploration of the local territory for local crop wild relatives – by carrying out ecogeographic surveys, through which information about the local crop wild relatives studied, their geographic distribution in the local territory and the ecosystems in which they grow is collected. Creation of templates with descriptors - taxon, site, and population that were used during the surveys to collect such information. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

18. Study and Research Process Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Visits to locations cited in the literature where these relatives are present locally; Confirmation that these plants are present and location on the maps; Take photos of each plant at various growth stages; Collect plant parts for ex situ conservation and growing in the preservation garden;

19. Study and Research Process Inventorying A way of storing information, with the inventory containing the data gathered through literature review; mainly the taxon information, and the data collected during the ecogeographic surveys; information about the population, site, farmer, landrace, conservation and monitoring. Sampling and collection A strategic activity to improve the ex situ representation in germplasm collections – collection of seeds of the local crop landraces studied in the project was done for their ex situ conservation and cultivation in the preservation garden. Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas

20. Examples of local crop wild relatives Cumin: Daucus carota L.; Wild carrot; Zunnarija salvaġġa Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas Onion: Allium commutatum Guss.; Wild leek; Kurrat salvaġġ Tomato: Solanum villosum (L.) Mill.; Red fruited nightshade; Għeneb id-Dib

21. Thank you for your attention Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 – 2013 Axis 2 – Improving the Environment and the Countryside Project Part-financed by the European Union The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development Co-financing Rate: 80% European Union, 20% Government of Malta Europe Investing in Rural Areas