1. James Buchanan Dates in Office: 1857–1861 Nicknames: Ten-Cent Jimmie
Political Party: Democrat
Major Events:
Pony Express
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Southern Secession
Establishment of the Confederate States of America (CSA)

2. Blue and Grey
The Civil War

3. Secession and the Confederacy
America Divides

4. Lincoln’s Inheritance
The election of Lincoln to the Presidency prompted South Carolina to secede from the union.
Identified with the revolutionaries that fought against the tyrannical King George III
Inherited a “union” where 7 states had already left and 8 more stood on the brink
Felt secession was impractical since the south could not geographically separate
Peace out, suckas!

5. South Carolina… Starting stuff again!
Lincoln notifies the Confederacy that he is sending supplies to Fort Sumter in Charleston.
CSA took the move as an act of aggression, and fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. 
Three more states seceded after the attack on Fort Sumter. 
Lincoln now had a reason for an armed response, and he called upon the Union states to supply militiamen.

6. The Confederate States of America
The capital was relocated from Alabama to Richmond, Virginia
Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederate States
National Flag of the CSA
Battle Flag of the CSA

7. Brothers Blood and Border Blood
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia were the Border States. 
The Border States contained the Ohio River, a vital necessity for both the North and the South.
The official statement that Lincoln made for war was to fight to preserve the Union, not to end slavery.

8. Brothers Blood and Border Blood
The Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy.  These tribes were allowed to send delegates to the Confederacy congress.  Most of the Plains Indians sided with the Union.

9. Brothers Blood and Border Blood
Johnny Reb
Billy Yank
The Civil War was, unfortunately, a brothers’ war. The war pitted brother against brother, fathers against sons, cousins, uncles, and friends on opposite sides. This created a unique atmosphere on the battlefield and in the encampments, as well as at home.

10. Two Brothers
Two brothers on their way Two brothers on their way Two brothers on their way One wore blue And one wore grey One wore blue and one wore grey As they marched along the way A fife and drum began to play All on a beautiful morning One was gentle, one was kind One was gentle, one was kind One came home, one stayed behind A cannonball don't pay no mind A cannonball don't pay no mind If you're gentle or if you're kind It don't think of the folks behind All on a beautiful morning All on a beautiful morning

11. WAR!

12. The Balance of Forces Southern Scorecard Northern Scorecard
Physically prepared for war
Had a defined reason for fighting
Better military leaders: Robert E. Lee
Lacked supplies for war
Southern troops could not be forced to fight
Northern Scorecard
Well supplied for war – ¾ of RR and factories
Had a standing army and navy
Had an existing government and money system
Poor military leaders and strategies
Lacked motivation to fight

13. The Balance of Forces – The South
Robert E. Lee
Member of the FFV; Great-great grandson of Richard Henry Lee, introduced the resolution for American independence
Graduated second in his class from West Point
Lincoln’s first choice to lead the Union army
Most successful tactician of the war
“Stonewall” Jackson
Very little formal education, but worked his way up the ranks at West Point to finish 17th in his class
One of the most gifted tactical commanders in US history; master of speed and deception
Earned his nickname at the First Battle of Manassas when he stood firm against a crushing Union assault

14. Dethroning King Cotton
The South counted on foreign intervention to win the war.
The common people of Britain supported the North, hoping to extinguish slavery (which had been outlawed in British territories). 
The British manufacturers depended upon cotton from the South, As Union armies penetrated the South, they sent cotton to Britain.  King Wheat and King Corn, which were produced great quantities in the North, proved to be more powerful than King Cotton. 
Britain would not break the Northern blockade, because if it had, it would have lost the grain from the North.

15. The Trent Affair
A Union warship stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and removed 2 Confederate diplomats who were heading to Europe. 
Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was ended when President Lincoln freed the Confederate prisoners.
Britain shipyards were unknowingly producing Confederate commerce-raiders.  The British ships left their ports unarmed, picked up arms elsewhere, and captured Union ships.  One notable ship was the Alabama.

16. Foreign Flare-Ups
In 1863, two Confederate warships were being constructed in the British shipyard of John Laid and Sons.  Their large iron rams would have destroyed the Union blockade.  To avoid infuriating the North, the London government bought the ships for the Royal Navy.
The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867.  It was partly designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the United States. 

17. President Davis versus President Lincoln
Southern states could secede from the Confederacy. 
Some state troops refused to serve outside their borders.
Often had disputes with his own congress. 
Lincoln
Enjoyed a well-established government that was financially stable and fully recognized at home and abroad.
PWNED

18. Bell Ringer
Which side do you think was better prepared for the war at the beginning and why?

19. The Economic Stresses of War
The North increased tariffs and excise taxes to financially support the war.  It also created the first income tax. 
Morrill Tariff Act (1861):  A high protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%.  The increases were designed to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers.  A protective tariff became identified with the Republican Party.

20. The Economic Stresses of War
The U.S. Treasury issued green-backed paper money, backed by the nation's fluctuating gold supply.  Hence, the value of the greenback was constantly changing.
In 1863, Congress authorized the National Banking System.  Banks who joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by the bonds.
The Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to "runaway inflation."

21. The North's Economic Boom
Newly invented labor-saving machinery enabled the North to expand economically.  Mechanical reapers (farm machines used to harvest grain) allowed for men to leave the farms for the war and provided grain that contributed to Northern profits.
The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 led to a rush of people known as the "Fifty-Niners."
The Civil War opened up many jobs for women that were originally occupied by men.

22. Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Congress was not in session when the war broke out, which gave the President vast wartime powers.
proclaimed a blockade
increased the size of the Federal army
directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to private citizens for military purposes
suspended habeas corpus

23. Habeas Corpus Latin, “you have the body”
require a person to be brought before a court or judge, especially to determine if that person is being legally detained
"Inter arma silent leges" was a Latin phrase much heard in the North during the Civil War. It translates roughly as, "during war, the laws are silent."
On April 27, 1861, about a week after the Fort Sumter surrender, President Lincoln ordered Winfield Scott, then head of the nation's military, to arrest anyone between Washington and Philadelphia suspected of subversive acts or speech, and his order specifically authorized suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Scott passed the order down the line, and Southern sympathizers in Maryland were rounded up in batches.

24. The Civil War

25. Differing Strategies Capture Washington D.C.
Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital
Cut through the heart of the South (Ga. And the Carolinas)
Split the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River
Blockade the South (Anaconda Plan)
Capture Washington D.C.
Seize central Pennsylvania
Divide Northwest and Northeast
Gain recognition of Confederacy’s independent status

26. Anaconda Plan: The Northern plan to squeeze the south into submission by closing its supply routes and blockading its ports

27. Bull Run Ends the "Ninety-Day War"
Bull Run = Manassas; North/South
Lincoln concluded that an attack on a smaller Confederate force at Bull Run would be worth trying.  If successful, the victory would show the superiority of Union arms and might eventually lead to the capture of Richmond. 
A Union victory was thought to be for sure, as evident when spectators showed up.
The Confederates won as "Stonewall" Jackson held his line of Confederate soldiers until reinforcements arrived. 
Proved that the war would be much longer than either side anticipated.

28. Picnic at the
Battle of Manassas

29. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsular Campaign
In 1861, General George B. McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac. 
Lincoln became increasingly impatient with McClellan's slowness to attack the Confederate forces still massed near Washington
McClellan began the Peninsula Campaign in VA
Attacked "Stonewall" Jackson.  General Robert E. Lee launched a counterattack and drove McClellan's forces back to the sea.

30. The Many Faces of Union Generals
General George B. McClellan (1861)
His slowness to attack the Confederate forces gave him the nickname of “Tardy George”
General Ambrose E. Burnside (1862)
Better known for his remarkable facial hair, rather than his military successes
General Joseph Hooker ( )
Better at “boosting morale” than creating victories
General George G. Meade (1864)
Secured a victory at Gettysburg, but could not close down the Confederacy.

31. Going for Grant!
Ulysses S. Grant gained recognition for his successes in the Western Campaign and the siege of Vicksburg.
He was promoted to the position of Commanding General of the U.S. Army in 1864.
Would be the general to accept Lee’s surrender in 1865.

32. The War at Sea
In order to combat the strong blockades, ships were developed to run through them; speed the initial improvement. 
In 1862, the Confederates created the Merrimack, renamed the Virginia.  It was an old U.S. wooden ship that was plated with metal armor; had the ability to crush through the wooden ships. 
On March 9, 1862, the Union ironclad, the Monitor, and the Confederate Merrimack met and fought to a standstill.

33. BATTLESHIP!
You will be re-creating the battle of the Monitor and Merrimack by playing the game Battleship!
The pairs will face off, with the winner earning an advantage in the overall naval battle.
The two Generals will face off, earning five points towards their teams’ overall success in the battle.
Winning battles will be added to the totals in the class Civil War

34. The Pivotal Point: Antietam
Lee moved into Maryland, he met McClellan's forces at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862.
McClellan managed to halt Lee's forces after his forces discovered Lee's battle plans. 
Although not a victory, the Union stopped the Confederate march northward.
Statistically the bloodiest day of the Civil War
Confederate Losses
Union Losses
Killed-1,512
Killed--2,108
Wounded--7,816
Wounded--9,549
Captured/Missing--1,844
Captured/Missing--753

35. Documenting the War: Mathew Brady
Casualties at Antietam
Documenting the War: Mathew Brady

36. Look Familiar?

37. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Due to lack of volunteers, Congress passed in 1863 a federal draft law.  Men who were called in the draft could pay $300 in order to buy a replacement. The Confederacy also passed a draft law.

38. New York Draft Riots
 A period of violence in New York City that was the culmination of discontent with the new draft laws passed by Congress. The riots were the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself.
The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, resentful, among other reasons, because the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men.
Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned ugly and degraded into "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets".
 The military suppressed the mob using artillery and fixed bayonets, but not before numerous buildings were ransacked or destroyed, including many homes and an orphanage for black children.

39. Life as a Soldier

40. The Average Union Soldier
Discussion:
Why do you think the Civil War is sometimes called the “Boys’ War?”
How many Union Soldiers were under 16?
How many soldiers were between 16 and 23?
How many were over 23?
Do you think most soldiers in the Confederate army would have been older or younger? Why?

41. Bland, dry, or spoiled food Sparse living quarters
Life as a soldier
Thick wool uniforms
Bland, dry, or spoiled food
Sparse living quarters

42. What They Carried Canteen Pan Cartridge box (Union) Tooth brush Razor
Soap
Blanket
Silver wear
Plate
Comb
Musket
Money (Confederate)
Photographs
Bible
Stamps (Confederate, Jefferson Davis prints)
Haversack (Union)

43. What They Wore On the left - Confederate: Slouch hat Shell Jacket
Pants
Brogans (shoes)
On the right - Union:
kepi
Sack Coat

44. The Role of Women
The lax medical examination early in the war allowed some women to sneak through and serve in the army disguised as men. Jenny Hodgers, known during the war as Private Albert Cashier joined the 95th Illinois Infantry in August 1862 and served for more than three years. She participated in many campaigns, including those at Vicksburg, the Red River and Mobile. Hodgers continued to wear men’s clothes until 1911, when a doctor discovered her identity while mending her fractured leg. She continued to receive a soldier’s pension and at her death in 1915 and was buried with full military honors.
Notes for the Teacher:

45. Civil War Weaponry
The rifled musket killed more soldiers than anything else, except disease. The rifled musket’s large caliber, soft slow moving slug destroyed and pulverized the flesh and bone it tore into. This weapon made amputation the only practical treatment for saving lives.
The Civil War also introduced the Gatling Gun (precursor to the machine gun), submarine, ironclad ships, use of hot air balloons for espionage, as well as modern technologies for communication (telegraph) and transportation (railroads)

46. Civil War “Hospitals”
When a battle took place, every structure, house, barn, yard and field, could become a hospital
Surgeons preferred to operate outside if possible to mitigate the effects of the chloroform and to utilize the light. An operating table was often an unhinged door on top of two barrels.
Chloroform and ether were in short supply, so many surgeries were performed using “the booze and the bullet”

48. Why was the Union Draft so controversial? What was the result of it?
Bell Ringer
Why was the Union Draft so controversial? What was the result of it?

49. Giving the North a Reason to Fight
Defining “The Cause”

50. Blacks Battle Bondage
Over 180,000 blacks served in the Union army, most escapees from the Southern states
The Confederacy allowed blacks to enlist towards the end of the war
Used slaves to produce war materials.

51. Blacks Battle Bondage
“Contraband” was a term commonly used to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves or those who came into the possession of Union forces.
How might black soldiers be treated differently then white soldiers? What effect might this have on their loyalty or performance?

52. Massachusetts 54th
The regiment was one of the first official black units in the United States during the Civil War.

53. Massachusetts 54th
The 54th became famous after the heroic, but ill-fated, assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina.
The courage and sacrifice of the 54th helped to dispel doubt within the Union Army about the fighting ability of black soldiers and earned this regiment undying battlefield glory.
What reasons might blacks have for joining Union ranks at the risk of execution if captured?

54. The Emancipation Proclamation
Antietam provided Lincoln with the military “victory” to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. 
Lincoln now made the Civil War a war to end slavery.
The Confiscation Act of 1862 punished "traitors" by declaring their slaves property of war who shall be free.

55. A Proclamation without Emancipation
The Emancipation Proclamation called for the freeing of all slaves, although it did not actually free them.  Lincoln did not even enforce the freeing of slaves in the Border States for fear that they, too, would secede. 
The South said that Lincoln was trying to stir up slave rebellion.
The North now had a much stronger moral cause.  It had to preserve the Union and free the slaves.
“This is who we’re fighting for.”

56. Ending the War

57. Siege of Vicksburg
Civilians in Vicksburg lived through a 47 day long siege by the Union under Ulysses S. Grant. Families lived in caves and trenches to escape the bombardment and many starved in the process. Some civilians suffered from shell shock as a result of the constant bombardment.

58. Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
As Lee moved his Confederate force to the north again (this time to Pennsylvania), he was met by Meade's force at Gettysburg on July 1-3, 1863. 
The failure of General George Pickett's charge enabled the Union to win the battle. 
Pickett’s Charge: After Confederate attacks on both Union flanks had failed the day and night before, Lee was determined to strike the Union center on the third day. Approximately 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades advanced over open fields for three-quarters of a mile under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire. Although some Confederates were able to breach the low stone wall that shielded many of the Union defenders, they could not maintain their hold and were repulsed with over 50% casualties.

59. Pickett’s Charge Federal Artillery
Fence that will break Confederate formations
Pickett’s Charge for Confederates

60. Gettysburg resulted in 51,000 casualties: killed, wounded, or missing
Over 8,000 dead
Almost 30,000 wounded
Over 10,000 captured or missing

61. In the Confederate States
The Aftermath
In the United States
The victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg increased the morale of the United States and its armies. Many people now felt that the war might be won.
In the Confederate States
The losses at Vicksburg and Gettysburg decreased the morale of the Confederate States and its armies.
For most of the remainder of the war the Confederates would be fighting on the defensive.

62. Gettysburg Address
The speech was delivered by Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, four and a half months after the Battle of Gettysburg.
Edward Everett's two-hour oration that was slated to be the "Gettysburg address" that day.
At Lincoln’s funeral, Senator Charles Sumner commented on Lincoln’s famous speech. He said Lincoln was mistaken that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here." Rather, he remarked, "The world noted at once what he said, and will never cease to remember it. The battle itself was less important than the speech."

63. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

64. Discussion Questions:
What elements of Lincoln’s speech are most effective? How does Lincoln’s speech reflect traditional American ideals and values? What effect might this speech have on the war?

65. Grant’s Victories
Ulysses S. Grant never wanted to be a soldier, yet graduated from West Point in 1843, ranking 21st in a class of 39.
Grant was given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg.  The city fell and surrendered on July 4, 1863.
Grant defeated Lee’s forces in the Wilderness Campaign
Usually described as a draw, it could be called a tactical Confederate victory, but a strategic victory for the Union army.
The North suffered large casualties, but they were smaller than the percentage of casualties suffered by Lee's smaller army.

66. Grant was promoted to the position of Commanding General of the U. S
Grant was promoted to the position of Commanding General of the U.S. Army the next year.
War of Attrition: A strategy in which an army attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and materials.
General Grant

67. Sherman’s March to the Sea
Led by William Tecumseh Sherman
Sherman was known for his outstanding command of military strategy
Sherman’s March to the Sea: A campaign to conquer Georgia, from Atlanta to Savannah.
His forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property (scorched earth system) and disrupted the South's economy and its transportation networks.
Left his own supply lines and had his soldiers eat food from places they had conquered.

68. Sherman’s March to the Sea
The entire South – man, woman, and child – is against us. We are not fighting just an army, but a whole people. We must make old and young, rich and poor feel the hard hand of war. The more awful we make war the sooner it will end.
main purposes of destroying supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes
Sherman captured Savannah on December 21, 1864
Sherman’s March to the Sea

69. The Politics of War
The Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War was dominated by radical Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and who pressed Lincoln on emancipation.
After Stephen A. Douglas, the leader of the Democratic Party in the North, died, the party split between those who supported Lincoln (War Democrats) and those who didn't (Peace Democrats).
Radical Peace Democrats were known as Copperheads
War
Democrats
Peace
Democrats
Copperheads
Northern Democrats
Republicans
What effect might
this have on the
upcoming election?

70. Strongly opposed the war, for which they blamed abolitionists, and they demanded immediate peace and resisted draft laws. They wanted President Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power, seeing the president as a tyrant who was destroying American republican values with his despotic and arbitrary actions
Some Copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert. They talked of helping Confederate prisoners of war seize their camps and escape. They sometimes met with Confederate agents and took money. The Confederacy encouraged their activities whenever possible.
Copperheads

71. The Election of 1864
Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party in the election of 1864.  Lincoln's running-mate was Andrew Johnson, a local War Democrat.
The Democrats, including the Copperheads, nominated General McClellan as their presidential candidate.
The Northern Democrats lost the election of 1864.  This was one of the most crushing losses suffered by the South.  The removal of Lincoln was the last hope for a Confederate victory.

72. The Confederacy Crumbles
On June 3, 1864, Grant ordered the frontal assault on Cold Harbor.  Thousands of Union soldiers were killed within a matter of minutes, but Grant's strategy of losing two men and killing one Confederate worked.  Grant captured Richmond and cornered Lee. 
On April 9, 1865, Lee was forced to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia (a significant portion of the Confederate army) at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War.

73. Casualties of the Civil War
The Civil War claimed over 600,000 lives and cost over $15 billion.