1. Chapter 12 Section 3

2. Erasmus and Christian Humanism  Christian humanism (N. Renaissance humanism) Primary goal was to reform the Catholic Church Major belief is that humans have the ability to reason and improve themselves In order to change society, people must change first  Desiderius Erasmus Christianity should show people how to live good lives daily, not teach a belief system that may result in salvation Criticizes the abuses of the church Did not want to break away, but reform the church from within

3. Why Reformation?  Corruption existed within the church Some popes were more concerned with politics instead of providing spiritual guidance Julius II – warrior-pope – not received well Use of church money to advance careers and wealth Relics and certificates used as indulgences – release from all or part of the punishment for sin  Parish priests had little spiritual knowledge  Clergy was not concerned with the well being and spiritual needs of their followers

4. Martin Luther  Catholicism teaches that faith and good works are needed to gain salvation  Luther felt that humans could never do enough good works to earn salvation, instead salvation lies in only faith in God (justification)  Premise behind the Protestant Reformation  Bible – the only source of religious truth

5. The 95 Theses  Salvation can not come from buying indulgences, probably did more harm than good (according to Luther)  October 31, 1517 – a list of 95 critiques of the church were sent to church leaders and copies were distributed all over Germany  Pope Leo X did not take it seriously  Luther suggested breaking away from the church and establishing a German reform church focusing on the new doctrine of salvation  Luther was excommunicated in 1521 and the Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw

6. Rise of Lutheranism  Governments took control of Catholic churches and began making changes Masses were changed Doctrine of salvation through faith alone was practiced  Lutheranism was established as the first Protestant denomination  1524 –German peasant’s revolted against the lords Luther supported the lords in order to ensure the spread of the gospel

7. Politics in the German Reformation  Luther’s success depended on German political support  Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor (Charles I, King of Spain) rule over a significant portion of Europe Wants to keep the empire united politically and religiously (doesn’t happen) Rivalry with France over territory Ottoman Empire advancing on the eastern empire

8. Politics in the German Reformation  German states freed themselves from the empire and supported Luther  Military forces of Charles V were unable to defeat the German princes – Charles had to seek peace  1555 the Peace of Augsburg – officially recognizes the division of Christianity German states, not individuals, can chose either Catholicism or Lutheranism Subjects must practice the religion chosen by the ruler

9. Chapter 12 Section 4

10. Zwinglian Reformation  Peace of Augsburg separates Christianity – no longer a united religion  Ulrich Zwingli leads new reforms in Switzerland Relics and images abolished All decorations removed from churches (white walls only) Mass replaced with scripture reading, prayer and sermons  Zwingli and Luther align to defend themselves from the Catholic church  Zwingli is killed in battle and leadership is passed to John Calvin

11. Calvinism  John Calvin – converted to Protestantism and flees France – become a leader in the church  1536 – Publishes Institutions of the Christian Religion summarizing Protestantism  Believed in the doctrine of justification  Emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God (power, grace, and glory of God)  Predestination – eternal decree that God has already determined who would be saved (elect) and damned (reprobate)

12. Predestination Belief Results  Doing God’s work on Earth – determined to spread their faith to others  Need to govern the morality of people First Consistory (enforcer of moral discipline) was established in Geneva “Crimes” that were punishable included dancing, swearing, drunkenness, playing cards Missionaries were sent all over Europe  Calvinism was established in France, the Netherlands, Scotland, parts of C. and E. Europe  Mid-1700s Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the dominant Protestant denomination

13. Henry VIII  Wanted to divorce (not allowed in Catholicism) Catherine of Aragon because he had no male heir (only a daughter, Mary) and marry Anne Boleyn  The Pope would not annul (declare invalid) the marriage  Henry turns to the archbishop of Canterbury (highest church member in England) and the marriage is annulled  Anne Boleyn was crowned queen and gave birth to another girl (Elizabeth)

14. Reformation in England  Reformation was to suit political, not religious needs  1534 – Act of Supremacy declares that the king was “taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the new Church of England”  King controls religious doctrine, clerical appointments and discipline  Henry stays close to the Catholic teachings  Protestantism grow after his death, through the reign of Edward VI and Queen Mary (even though she tried to restore Catholicism)

15. Anabaptists  According to Anabaptists, true Christian churches were made up of adult volunteers who had been baptized after a spiritual rebirth, not as infants  All believers are equal  Any member of the community could be a minister  Did not want to give church power to the state Complete separation of church and state Government should have no political authority over real Christians No Anabaptist would hold a political office  Seen as radicals by both Protestants and Catholics

16. Effects on the Role of Women  Protestant Reformation develops new family view  Celibacy no longer required by the clergy  Wives is still subordinate in society Family life is their only important role Needed to obey her husband and bear children – According to Luther and Calvin it was part of the divine plan

17. The Catholic Reformation  With Lutheranism, Calvinism, and the Anglican Church taking hold of large areas in Europe that used to be Catholic, the outlook was not good for Catholicism – they needed to reform  The Catholic Reformation was based on three pillars the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent

18. The Jesuits  Also known as the Society of Jesus  Founded by Ignatius of Loyola  Small order that was recognized by the pope in 1540  Special vow taken – absolute obedience to the pope  Missionaries were successful in spreading the word and restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe  Missionaries also began spreading the faith to other parts of the world

19. Reform of the Papacy  The Protestant Reformation sparked the need for reform because of the corruptness of church officials  Reform Commission established in 1537 to determine the problems within the church Problems lied with the corrupt policy of the popes (financial, political and military agendas)

20. Council of Trent  March 1545 – a group of church officials meet (cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, theologians) in Trent – Council would meet over the course of the next 18 years  Final decree consisted of the following Faith and good works were both needed for salvation The seven sacraments, Catholic view of the Eucharist and clerical celibacy were upheld Purgatory and indulgences was strengthened, but indulgences could no longer be sold

21. Council of Trent  Roman Catholic Church has a clear body of doctrine  Church unified under the supreme leadership of the pope  It reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs