2. Unit 2 Language Jian Hu Foreign Language School English Preparation Group Of Senior 1

3. Reading: English and its history

4. How do people communicate in our daily life? Discussion:

5. spoken language Discussion : written language facial expressions hand gestures posturebody language emoticons: Emotion + icon=emoticon eye contact

6. Chinese characters are always changing!

7. 1. Do you think English has always stayed the same? 2. Since we have learnt English for several years, what do you know about the development or history of the English language? 3. How did these changes happen? What about English? The development of English has been a “mixture” of different cultures and languages throughout. No, I don’t think so. These changes resulted from mixing a certain language with other languages. Old English, middle English, modern English.

8. Why is English a language with so many confusing rules? People from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. Prologue:

9. The three periods: Old English Middle English Modern English Before the middle of the 5th century After the middle of the 5th century At the end of the 9th century By the 10th century Around the 12th to the 16th century In 1066 Throughout the 250 years During the Renaissance in the 16th century In the future

10. Old English: Which three Germanic tribes invaded Britain? Three Germanic tribes from the European mainland----the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes----invaded Britain.

11. Who invaded Britain at the end of the 9th century? The Vikings, people from the Scandinavian countries, including Denmark and Norway, began to invade Britain. Old English:

12. What did old English consist of? Old English: The language consisted of an ____________ base plus words from the languages of ____________________. Anglo-Saxon Denmark and Norway

13. Celtic Languages of Germanic tribes Anglo-Saxon

14. Languages of Vikings Anglo- Saxon Old English

15. Middle English: 1. Who conquered England and took control of the country in 1066? 2. What language did Normans speak? 3. Did French replace English as the first language? 4. What effect did French have on English? 5. What did many English people work as for Normans ? 6. When was English adopted by all the classes? The Normans. French. No. But it still had an impact on the English language. A. This resulted in even more pairs of similar words. B. After the Normans took control, the German way of making words plural was replaced by the French way. As servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans. By the latter half of the 14th century.

16. Middle English Old English French Middle English

17. Modern English: Modern English began during the Renaissance in the ____ century. Because of this, Modern English includes many _____ and _____ words. __________ also ________ huge Changes during this period. However, this isn’t the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer. Even today, where a person comes from will affect their _____ of speech. This is called a ____. If a person from the South of England goes to the north, he or she may find it difficult to understand what people there are saying. It is Certain that this _______ will continue,

18. Modern English Middle English Latin and Greek Modern English

19. 1.Where did the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes come from? 2. Why can similar pairs of words be found in the English language? They came from the European mainland. Because each word or phrase came from a different language.

20. 3. What was the German plural form replaced by? 4. Which king of England used English for all official occasions? 5. When did Modern English appear? It was replaced by the French way of making plurals. King Henry Ⅳ. During the Renaissance in the 16th century.

21. TimeEvents Before the middle of the 5 th century After the middle of the 5 th century At the end of the 9 th century By the 10 th century People in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Old English was the official language of England. The Vikings invaded. Anglo-Saxon+their languages=Old English. Germanic tribes invaded. Celtic + their languages = Anglo-Saxon

22. TimeEvents In 1066 By the latter half of the 14 th century In 1399 During the Renaissance in the 16 th century Henry Ⅳ became King of England and used English for all official occasions. Modern English began. The Normans invaded. upper class -French; common people -English. English was adopted by all classes in England.

23. 1.Before the middle of the____________, people in Britain did not speak English. 2.The original language spoken in Britain was_________. 3.Three groups of people came to Britain from the __________ mainland. 5th century Celtic European Fill in the blanks with the information in the text: 4. The _________, the Saxons and the Jutes spoke languages that made up Anglo-Saxons. 5. Normans spoke ___________. 6. The Normans entered England in _______. 7. By the _____________, Old English was the official language of England. 10th century 1066 French Angles

25. People in Britain Who were they? Where were they from? When did they come to Britain?

26. 1. the Celt people in Britain before the middle of the 5 th century 2.the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes Germanic tribes from the European mainland after the middle of the 5 th Century

27. 3. the Vikings people from the Scandinavian countries at the end of the 9 th Century 4. the Normans people from France In 1066

28. How is the language developed?

29. The telephone rang and I picked it up? He lifted up both hands and cried to the policeman for help. Anglo-Saxon Norse How is the vocabulary changed? Which language are they from?

30. I asked John where he was going but he He didn’t reply. I had to answer a lot of questions. French Old English He raised oxen, cows, sheep and pigs on his farm. ---- What would you like to order, sir? ---- Well, I’d like to have some beef, mutton and pork. Old English French

31. Children grew out of their shoes quickly. German French

32. Homework: 1. Review the text. 2. Finish A2, B1 and B2 on pages 98&99.

35. What are the words for these animals and their meat? Why are the words for their names and their meat different? pork/ bacon beefmutton ox/cow sheeppig

36. Find proper words from the text according the definitions: (P) 1. __________ n. all the words that someone knows, learns or uses 2. _________ adv. now, compared with what happened in the past 3. ________ n. someone who is paid to do services such as cleaning, cooking, etc. 4. _______ adj. [A] in a higher position 5. ________ adj. time belonging to the present time or most recent time 6. _______ n. a particular way of doing sth vocabulary nowadays servant upper modern style

38. 1.throughout history 在整个历史进程中 在整个历史进程中 2.That is why… 2.That is why… 这就是为什么 …… 这就是为什么 …… 3.confusing rules 令人困惑不解的规则 令人困惑不解的规则 4.be made up of 4.be made up of 由 … 组成 由 … 组成 5.rules and vocabulary 规则和词汇 规则和词汇 1.throughout history 在整个历史进程中 在整个历史进程中 2.That is why… 2.That is why… 这就是为什么 …… 这就是为什么 …… 3.confusing rules 令人困惑不解的规则 令人困惑不解的规则 4.be made up of 4.be made up of 由 … 组成 由 … 组成 5.rules and vocabulary 规则和词汇 规则和词汇

39. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. (p22) 正因为如此，英语才成了一种具有许多令人困 惑不解的规则的语言。 1. 问题是我们找不到合适的时间. The problem was that we couldn’t find a suitable time. 2. 我们学校不再是以前的样子了. Our school is no longer what it used to be. 3. 这是鲁迅曾经生活过的地方. That is where Lu Xun once lived.

40. The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. (p22) 英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和 词汇构成的。 Each class in our school is made up of fifty-five students. be made up of 由 …… 组成（主动为 make up)  Fifty-five students make up each class in our school. 我们学校每个班由 55 名学生组成．

41. 1. 编造 Make up a story. 2. 补足, 弥补 我们需要五十元以弥补损失。 We need $50 to make up the loss. 3. 化装 她花了一个多小时才打扮好。 It took her more than an hour to make herself up. Someone is coming, but I can't make out who it is. Can you make this length of cloth into a suit? Desks can be made of wood. Wine is made from rice. 由 … 制成 弄懂, 分辨 把.. 制成 …

42. 高考链接 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _________ jokes ． （ 2005 江苏） A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up C

43. each They each have an English dictionary. =Each of them has an English dictionary. There’re many tall buildings on each/ either side of the street. 注意 主谓语单复数的不同及原因 注意 不可用 every, every 用于三者 或三者以上。

44. 1. invade 1. invade 2. mix…with… 2. mix…with… 3. create 4. It is certain that… 4. It is certain that… 5. consist of 5. consist of 6....find it hard to decide 6....find it hard to decide which words … which words … 7. This is because… 7. This is because… 1. invade 1. invade 2. mix…with… 2. mix…with… 3. create 4. It is certain that… 4. It is certain that… 5. consist of 5. consist of 6....find it hard to decide 6....find it hard to decide which words … which words … 7. This is because… 7. This is because…

45. ①侵入, 侵略 诺曼人于 1066 年入侵英国. The Normans invaded England in 1066. ② 侵犯, 侵扰 侵犯某人的权利 invade sb’s rights ③ 拥入, 大批进入 这个城市涌来了一批游客。 The town was invaded by a crowd of tourists. ④ ( 疾病等 ) 侵袭 这种疾病侵袭了他的身体. The disease invaded his body. invasion n.

46. They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon (the base of Old English) developed from mixing these languages with Celtic. (p22) 这三个日尔曼部落分别有自己的语言，作为古 英语基础的盎格鲁 - 撒克逊语就是在这三个语言 与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。 使混和, 搀和, 混淆, 搞混 mix joy with sorrow. Oil doesn't mix with water. 喜悲交集 水火不相融.

47. mix up 使弄不清：使混乱；混淆： His explanation just mixed me up more. I always mix up the twins. 他的解释令我更加糊涂了。我总是把这对双胞 胎弄混.

48. It’s certain that … 肯定, 一定 ( 此处不可用 sure ） 他明天肯定会来。 It’s certain that he will come tomorrow.  He is sure /certain to come tomorrow. be certain/ sure of/ about 对 … 有把握 在英语学习方面他对语法把握不大． He is not certain/ sure of grammar in English learning. 某一位, 某个 A certain Mr. Li called on you yesterday.

49. The language consisted of an Anglo-Saxon base plus words from the languages of Denmark and Norway. 它以盎格鲁 - 撒克逊语为基础，加上丹麦 语和挪威语的词汇构成。 consist of/ be made up of 由 …… 构成 ; 包含 这个研究小组由两名中国科学家和三名美国专家组成. The research team consists of two Chinese scientists and three American experts. 联合王国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。 The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. plus: 加，加上（介词）＝ added to Two plus five is seven.

50. When we speak English today, we sometimes find it hard to decide which words or phrases to use. (p22) 如今，我们在说英语时，有时发现很难确定到底 该选哪些单词或词组。 1. It is quite difficult to find one’s family history. 2. Do you consider it necessary to send more people to help them? 3. It was at midnight that he heard a crying softly.

51. 高考链接 The chairman thought _______necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. （ 2005 年全国Ｉ） A ． that B ． it C ． this D ． him It wasn’t until nearly a month later __________ I received the manager’s reply. （ 2005 年全国Ｉ） A ． since B ． when C ． as D ． that

52. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help. （ 2005 全国 III ） A ． it B ． she C ． which D ． He It was some time _______ we realized the truth. （ 2005 山东） A. when B. until C. since D. before

53. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ” （ 2004 北京） A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is ---- ______ that he managed to get the information? ----- Oh, a friend of his helped him. （ 2005 山东） A. Where was it B. What was it C. How was it D. Why was it

54. 1.contribute to 1.contribute to 2.take control of 2.take control of 3.replace 4.despite 5.have an impact on 5.have an impact on 6.result in 6.result in 7.raise 8.adopt 1.contribute to 1.contribute to 2.take control of 2.take control of 3.replace 4.despite 5.have an impact on 5.have an impact on 6.result in 6.result in 7.raise 8.adopt

55. Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English. 很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。 It was believed that smoking had contributed to his early death. 人们相信是抽烟使他过早死亡. 1) 为造成某一结果而作出贡献； 促成 … 的因素： 锻炼能促成更强健的体魄. Exercise contributes to better health. caused

56. Many people are willing to contribute their money to Hope Project. 2) 捐 ( 款 ); 捐献 ; 投稿 --- contribute/donate … to … He contributed an article to China Daily. 许多人愿意把他们的钱捐赠给希望工程． 他为《中国日报》撰写了一篇文章。 contribution n. make great contributions to 对 … 作出巨大贡献

57. under control 在控制之下 ; out of control 失去控制 lose control of 失去控制 The English conquered this country and took control of it. 英国人征服了这个国家并掌控了它． The fire lasted half an hour before it was under control. 大火持续了半小时才得到控制． He lost control of the plane. 他控制不了飞机了.

58. 1) 代替（＝ take the place of) Electric lights have replaced candles. 电灯已经取代了蜡烛。 2) 放回原处 报纸读好后请放回原处. When you have finished reading the newspaper, please replace it.

59. despite prep.= in spite of 不管, 尽管, 任凭 尽管他病了，他还去上班． He went to work despite his illness. 尽管他年事已高，他还在学驾驶． Despite the advanced years, he is learning to drive. 虽然他花费了许多时间, 但是他就是不擅长音乐. He is not good at music despite the fact that he has spent much time on it. In spite of

60. have an impact on 对 … 有影响 他的思想对他后来的研究有很大影响． His ideas had a great impact on the research afterwards. 那一刻他的话对你有怎样的影响 ? What kind of impact did his words have on you at that moment?

61. result in=lead to/cause 导致 …. 结果 他的粗心致使比赛失败了． His carelessness resulted in the loss of the game. result from 由于 … 而产生 ; 作为 …. 的结果 Sickness often results from eating too much. 因为吃得太多而病了. as a result of 由于 … 的结果 as a result 结果 由于下大雨, 我们得呆在家里. We had to stay at home as a result of the heavy rain. =It rained heavily. As a result, we had to stay at home.

62. At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans. 在此期间, 很多英国人沦为诺曼人的仆人, 他们为诺 曼人饲养牲畜, 给他们做饭。 raise v. 饲养 ; 养育 How did you manage to raise such a big family on such small income? 你是如何设法用这么少的收入养活这么一个大家庭 的.

63. Raise your right hand if you can answer my question. In order to make everyone hear him clearly, he raised his voice. They are going to raise money for the school buildings. at this/that point 在这时 / 那时 举起 提高 筹集 就在那时我认出他来了. At that point, I recognized him.

64. By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England. (p23) 到 14 世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。 vt. ⑴ 采用 ; 采纳 ; 吸收 校长决定采纳她的建议. The headmaster decided to adopt her suggestions. 他采用了我们的教学方法. He adopted our methods of teaching. ⑵ 过继, 收养 许多美国家庭收养孩子. Many American families adopt children.

65. (1)Students are not allowed to talk in class. (2)Our class is made up of 54 students. (3) Most people in Japan think they belong to the middle class. (4) She belonged to that class of people, who only think of themselves. (5) The school is very famous, in fact, I think it is among the first-class schools. English was adopted by all classes.

66. 1.undergo 2.style 风格 3.dialect 方言 4.process 进程, 过程 5.depend on 5.depend on 1.undergo 2.style 风格 3.dialect 方言 4.process 进程, 过程 5.depend on 5.depend on

67. Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period. (p23) 在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大变化。 undergo-underwent-undergone vt. (1) 经历 ; 经受 ; 忍受 在取得成功之前你可能得忍受失望和失败之苦. You may have to undergo disappointment and failure before achieving success. (2) 接受 ( 治疗, 检查等 ) 所有新来的都要接受体检. All the freshmen will undergo a medical examination.

68. There are many different dialects of English depending on where people live. (p25) 许多不同方言是由人们的居住地而定的. ①相信 ; 信赖 [(+on/upon)] 你可以相信他. You can depend on him. Jane is a person to be depended upon. ②依靠, 依赖 (+on/upon) 好的身体要靠优质的食品, 新鲜的空气和足够的睡眠. Health depends on good food, fresh air and enough sleep. ③依... 而定 ; 取决于 (+on/upon) 价格取决于质量. The price depends on the quality.

69. --- Are you going? --- It all depends. =It/ That / depends. It depends on whether you want to do it or not. ( 口语 ) 看情况 请相信 ; 没问题 ( 句首或句末 )

70. 1. 这就是为何英语是一种有许多令人困惑不解的规则 的语言。 2. 英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则 和词汇构成的。 3. 他们分别有自己的语言，盎格鲁－撒克逊就是在这 三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的 。 That’s why English is a language with so many confusing rules. The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. They each had their own language and Anglo- Saxon developed from mixing these languages with Celtic.

71. ４. 他们所创造的语言就是我们今天所称的古英 语。 ５. 事实上如果我们现在听了古英语也肯定听不 懂了。 ６. 这是因为英语中有许多对单词和词组有相近 的意思 The language they created is what we now call Old English. In fact it is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. This is because many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings in English.

72. 7. 很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。 8. 早期的侵略后，凯尔特语被替换成英语。 9. 法语却没有取代英语而成为英国的第一语 言。 10. 尽管这一事实，法语还是对英语产生了巨 大的影响。 Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English. After the earlier invasion, Celtic had been replaced with English. Despite this fact, French still had an impact on the English language. French did not replace English as the first language.

73. 11. 在这期间，许多英语人成为诺曼人的仆人， 为他们饲养牲畜，给诺曼人做饭。 12. 在诺曼人控制之后，这被日尔曼单词变复 数的方法所替代。 13. 到 14 世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英 语。 At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans. After the Normans took control this was replaced by the French was of making plurals. By the latter half of the 14 th century, English was adopted by all classes in England.

74. 14. 由于这个原因，近代英语包括了许多拉丁 词汇和希腊词汇。 15. 在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大变化。 16. 英语在未来是不是还要继续变化这个问题 其实很容易回答。 Because of this, Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period. The question of whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer.

75. 17. 一个人来自什么地方也会影响到其说话风 格。 18. 可以肯定的是，这样的变化过程还会持续， 人们还会不断发明新的词汇和新的表达法。 Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.