1. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 2 Career Counseling: A Holistic Approach Vernon G. Zunker

2. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 2: Theories of Career Development  Trait-and-Factor Theory  Social Learning and Cognitive Theories  Developmental Theories  Person-in-Environment Perspective

3. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Trait-and-Factor Theory  Among the earliest theories  Vocational guidance is accomplished by studying the individual, then surveying occupations, then matching the individual with the occupation.  Became the foundation of programs in the early 20 th century.

4. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) Counseling  Also called the Theory of Work Adjustment  The broader level of Person-Environment- Correspondence was added in 1991.  PEC theory emphasizes that work is more than a task-oriented procedure, and that it includes human interactions; sources of stress and rewards and many other psychological variables.

5. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Holland’s Model  Proposed that personality types can be arranged in a coded system.  His modal-personal-orientation themes such as R (realistic occupation), I(investigative), A(artistic), S(social), E(enterprising), and C(conventional) comprise his main theory

6. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Holland’s model of personality types and occupational environments

7. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Steps in using the SDS

8. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Social Learning and Cognitive Theories  These theories focus on a wide range of variables that affect career choice and career maintenance over the life span.  Social conditioning, social position, and life events are thought to significantly influence career choice.  Individuals are thought to be influenced by many factors including genetic endowments and special abilities, contextual experiences, learning experiences and skills learned.

9. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Social Learning Theories  Krumboltz’s Learning Theory of Career Counseling  First proposed in 1975  LTCC (Learning Theory of Career Counseling)  Based primarily on life events that are influential in determining career selection.  Happenstance Approach Theory  The primary premise suggests that chance events over one’s life span can have both positive and negative consequences.

10. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Cognitive Information Processing Perspective  Cognitive Informational Processing (CIP)  Applied to career development in terms of how individuals make a career decision and use information in career problem solving and decision making.  The major strategy of career intervention is to provide learning events that will develop the individual’s processing abilities.

11. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Social Cognitive Perspective  The study of cognitive variables and processes has become a popular topic for researchers, who apply these to the study of career development.  Key Constructs include Self Efficacy, Outcome Expectations and Personal Goals. These are considered the “big three.”

12. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Developmental Theories  Career development is viewed as a lifelong process that is very inclusive.  Suggests that individuals make changes during developmental stages and adapt to changing life roles.  Individuals project self into work environments.  A system of developmental tasks over the life span provides key points for counseling interventions.

13. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. The life-career rainbow: Six life roles in schematic life space

14. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. A segmental model of career development

15. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Person-in-Environment Perspective  Focuses attention on contextual interaction over the life span.  Clients are viewed as products of an environment that is very inclusive but also unique.  Several environmental systems such as family, church, neighborhood, friends, workplace, community agencies, etc., all affect work choice.

16. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Ecological systems map